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4 XXIV. V. XXVI. VIL. XXVIII. [XX. XXXX.

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SELEOTED RELIOS OF JAPANESE ART.

Vo .

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CONTENTS.

Wet Heron on an Old Boat (collotype)

Wild Geese among Keeds three plates (wood-cut and collotypes)..…

Gilded Copper Images of Buddhas : two plates (collotypes) Bodhisattva Lung-meng (collotype) .…

Red Lotus and White Herons (wood-cut)

Yama-deva (collotype)

The Welcoming Amityus (collotype)

Landscape (wood-cut)

Landscapes -two plates (collotypes)

Historical Picture of Saigy6 (collotype) .…

Lotus Flowers (collotype)...

Historical Sketches of Michizane Fujiwara ji two plates (collotypes).…

Samantabhadra and Rakshas1 (collotype) Landscape (collotype) Landscape in Autumn (collotype)

An Incident in the Life of Ippen Sh6nin : two plates (wood-cut and collotype) Arya-Pindola-bharadv&ja and Arya Vajrayutra two plates (collotypes)

Hanshan (collotype) ….

Avalokitesvara in White (collotype)..…

Peach and Plum Orchard (collotype)

Wading in Wind and Rain (collotype) .…

Vimalakirti (collotype)

Pine-trees and Hawks -two plates (collotypes) ..… Feng-kan, Han-Shan, and Shin-te :- two plates (collotypes).…. Pine-trees and Cranes two plates (collotypes) .…

A Poet under Pine-tree : Dragon two plates (collotypes)..… Sekiya and Miyotsukushi two plates (collotypes)

Lao-tzu (collotype)

Maple-trees and Small Birds :- two plates (collotypes) Ma usri (collotype) .… ..…

Flying Wild Geese (collotype).……

Lady Pan (collotype).……

Bamboo and Moon (collotype) .…

Bamboo and a Small Snake (collotype)..…

Summer is after Ran (collotype)

The Y6r6 Waterfall (collotype)

Pine-trees and a Hawk (collotype)..…

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WET HERON ON AN OTD BOAT PAINTING ON A CEDAR-DOOR IN NIJO DETACHED PALACE, KYOTO. (Coloured, 6 feet 7 inches by 5 feet 834 inches.) BY NAONOBU KANO.

(COLLOTYP .)

The Nijo Detached Palace of Kyoto was formerly known as the Nijo Castle. When Iyeyasu Tokugawa ruled over the country as Shogun, as he had no suitable mansion in which to live when in Kyoto, he built this castle in the Zth year of Keicho (r6o2). From the gth year of Kei- cho to the rst year of Kwanyei (IGo4 to 1624), the keep of Fushimi castle and certain portions of the edifce were brought to Kyoto and made into the inner citadel of Nijo castle, and in the 3rd year of Kwanyei (I626) Iyeyasu received Emperor Go-IMizuno there. Not very long after that the greater part of the inner citadel was removed to Sento Gosho (the Palace of Retired Emperors) or to some other places : consequently there is no inner citadel at present. In the rst month of the rst year of Meiji (February, r868), by Imperial command, the castle was used by the then Coun- cil of State, and on the 3rd day of the 2nd month his majesty the Emperor visited the castle and from there issued his promise to grant to the country a deliberative assembly. In the 6th month of the 4th year of Meii (May, r8Zr), the Kyoto prefectural government was temporarily estab- jished in the castle. In the 2nd month of the 6th year, the castle was temporarily assigned to the War Department : and in the 2th month of the IZth year (July, r884), it became a detached palace. With the exception mentioned, the buildings to the inner walls remain as they were when erected in the Keicho era. Entering by the Zzz 22 there is frst, the place for leaving carriages and the ambassadors'′ from next is the recep- tion room for Daimyos j west of this are the ministers' room, the Shikidai-no-ma, and the Yari-no-ma. JNNorthwest of these are the Ohiro-ma and the Sotetsu-no-ma, and still farther to the northwest, connected with these are the KKurosho-in and the Shirosho-in : the latter is made of white gzg6z throughout, he roof is of tiles. The wood used in the construction was all carefully selected and the building is exceedingly beautiful. The decorations, from those in the cofred ceilings to those on the zzZ (Shding wall-panels) and on the plaster walls, are all of the choicest. The efective work on the beams, girders,and open-friezes,1iS considered the best of all the Kyoto Imperial buildings.

The wet heron on an old boat is painted on a cedar-door in the Kurosho-in, and was done by Naonobu Kano: this is the so-called Nure- sagi no Sugit-do.” Naonobu was the second son of Takanobu (r52r to 16i8) and the younger brother of Tannyu (r6o2 to r6274). Naonobu was born in Kyoto on the 6th day, roth month, r2th year of Keicho (November 25th,i6oZ). His mother was a daughter of Narimasa Sasa. His boyhood name was Sammi, afterwards Kazunobu (or Iyenobu), which he subsequently changed to Naonobu, and he was also called Shumenosuke. He himself used the Pseudonym, Jitekisai. As his elder brother, Tannyu, established himself independently, taking the amily surname of Kajibashi, Naonobu, by command of the Shogunate, succeeded his fathcr and became head of the Kano family. In the oth year of Genwa (I623), at the age of seventeen, he was received in audience by Iyemitsu Tokugawa at yoto, and was soon afterwards appointed artist to the Shogun's Court. In the zth year of Kwanyei, he was summoned to Yedo where hc had audience of Hidetada Tokugawa, and became teacher to that Shogun's family, being given a mansion in Takegawa-ch6. This man, Taonobu, was the founder of what was afterwards called the Kobikicho Kano family. He died on the 7th day, 4th month, 3rd year of Keian (May 2Zth,r65o), at the age of forty-seven. Although he did not live long, his ability as an artist was cxtraordinary, and therefore he is praised by all the world. In ze it iS said: “Indeed, his use of the brush is uncommon, either in the olden time or in the new.” Again, in ze2/2 Z2 is the following: “He was the best one among his brethren in painting : and,indeed, we may say that his works were masterpieces throughout his life."

When we look carefully at the picture reproduced here, we see that Naonobu's method of painting Was Very bold : the heron, perched upon the gunwale of an old, empty boat, appears actually to be alive. Not only this, but the drawing of the wings and feathers is done with consum- mate dexterity. The whole scenc is most effective and secms to be peculiarly appropriate for such a cedar-door. He was unquestionably a skilful hand in the middle period of the Kano school.

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WILD GEENE AMONG REEDS, THREE SETS OF SLIDING WALL-PANELS IN THE IMPERIAT PALACE, KYOTO.

(In colours on paper ground powdered with gold-dust.)

First set, 5 feet by 8 feet 5 9 inches. Second set, 5 feet g3/ inches by Ir feet 4 inches. Third set。5 feet 93/ inches by rz feet 73 inches.

BY KENZAN KISHTI.

(WOOD-CUT AND COLLOTYPES.)

The present Imperial Palace in Kyoto was built in the 2nd year of Ansei (I855). The Imperial Study is to the north of the Minor Palace, with which it js connected by a long corridor : it is similarly connected with the August Three Rooms and with the Usual Residence of the Emperor. The roof is thatched with ' zz 2 bark and the building is made throughout of zo timber. It faces the cast and the edifice is longer from north to south. There are three rooms, called respectively, Upper Hall, Middle Hall, and Lower Hall, which form the Audience Chamber. Another apartment is called The Rose Room: another,。The Chrysan- themums Room: and a third, The Wild Geese Room, which is enclosed by a verandah on three sides. The pictures given here are reproduced from the wall-panels of the last, the Wild Geese Room : the artist was Renzan, a Kyoto man. In his boyhood he studied art under Ganku Kishi (lived from rz49 to r838). This but Renzan was as obedient to him for longer than ten years as if he had been with him only one day. His teacher was Very strict with his pupils ) he was always dilieent and therefore Kishi,the teacher, made him his son-in-low and gave him his own family name. Renzan died in the 6th year of Ansei (r859).

The pictures were painted by Renzan at the command of the Imperial Household, at the time the Palace Was erected, and they do him greater honour than anything else that he executed during the whole of his jfe. Many wild geese are shown among reeds along the seashore : some are looking up at the sky and honking , some are feeding , some are Hying: some are preening themselves : some are gazing about: some are swimming. They display great variation in their treatment, and all are as natural as the living birds , while the wings, bills,and legs are painted with a mysterious power, even to their minutest detail. In his treatment of the rocks, he followed strictly the method of his teacher: yet he lacks somewhat of that teacher's bold- ness, and his pictures are the most gentle among those of the Kishi school.

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GILDED OOPPER IMAGENS OF BUDDHAS,

First: Buddhist inage (height, including pedestal, 4 inches.) Second : Bodhisattva and two attendants。with one priestly image (height, including pedestal, 9 inches,) Third Sakyamuni, two Bodhisattvas (height, including pedestal。S inches.) Fourth : Maitreya (height,including pedestal, ro inches.)

ARTIST_ UNKNOWN.

0WNED BY VISCOUNT WITSUAKT TANAKA, TOKY0. (COLLO TYPES.)

The Buddhist images we show here were all made during The Six Dynasties (Chin, Sung, Chi,。 Tiang, Chen, and Sui), China. We are unable to identify the frst and the second: but we know, from the words that are engraved on the others, that the third is Sakyamuni and the fourth Maitreya. Very often,the Buddhist images of China and japan, which were made before the translation of the Tantras, Rules for Buddhist Tinagee。 have no distinctive form that establishes their identity , but at the time when Buddhism was frst introduced from India, all the images were intended to represent Sakyamuni H therefore, the frst one of these images may perhaps be he. The second image has a diadem and the shape is hke Bodhisattva. It seems to be the old conception of Avalokitesvara, but this is not established by what he carries in his hand: and furthermore, we never see Avalokitesvara with priestly images as attendants : therefore we come to the conclusion that, Perhaps, this may be Maitreya im the form of Bodhisattva. As we have often mentioned Sakyamuni and Maitreya in the previous volumes of is series。 we refrain from repetition. Each of these four images has a 1egend engraved on it. The frst one states that it was made in the "oth year of Tai-ho (the era of Emperor Ta-wu, of the Northern Wei, 485)、 The hair of this image is not curled in the customary manner: this is rather unusual. The metal js of good quality and the gilt is Very thick, so that even now the colour of the gold is bright. Among many small images made during The Six Dynasties, this is one of the largest and best. On the pedestal of the second image, righthand side, there are these words: “3rd year of Wu-ping,” (the era of the later emperors of the Northern Chin。5Z2, and the rst year of our Emperor Bitatsu). On the back of the third image that, js Sakyamumi there are also some words:“ 3rd year of Eihei "(the era of Emperor suan-wu, Northern Wei, that is 5ro, and the 4th year of our Emperor Keitai), (The halo seems to have been added in later time), and the tvo Bodhisattyas, at right and left, each has in one hand something like a ball, the other hand hanging down in the gesture called Abhayanda-mudra, that iS fearlessness. On the halo there is the emblem of manifestation. AL though we cannot determine the names of these two Bodhisattvas, they are the conception of Ayalokitesvara as made during The Six Dynasties, or before, during, and after the time of our Empress Suiko s reign , and the orign came from the forms of Sakti of Brahmanism, who attend the principal gods. Although Avalo- kitesvara is the incarnation of Durg3 the goddess of Siva, the form of Avalokitesvara just at the time of the introduction of Buddhism into the East, was that of the simple goddess and not the many forms of incarnation (Amoghapasa, Tara」 and Chandi) as the princess Durga. So the something like a bowl always _ held in her hand in the same way as in the case of the three Saktis ef Brahmanism, is a kind of cake made of rice-fHour to of r to Pitirs of India,and the original name is Pinda. Not only has something 1ike a bowl (such as is seen in the hands of the main image of the Yumedono of Horyuji and other places) which stands for the Pinda, but also the Cintamani which is held in the hand of Lakshmi, Sri is a vaiation of this. From ancient time however, all this is attributed to the confusion of the conception of the Buddhist images before the introduction of he Mystic Doctrine of Buddhism,” and no one understands the origin and the character of the things held by them : this i5, We may Say, the weak pont. in the history of Buddhist images. On all four faces of the pedestal cf the fourth image, that 5 - Maitreya, there are Some words engraved, namely : 6th year of Tai-shih, of Sung (the era of Emperor Mingti, that iS 4Zo, and the i4th year of our Emperor YeryakG) and from this we see that is the oldest of the four. The Six Dynasties was the time when the beginning of Buddhism was Hourishing in China。 The emberors, One after another, all believed this doctrine : many images Were made, and many buildings were erected, as we read in the history of Buddhism. Although many of those buildings were afterwards destroyed by the followers of another doctrine, yet, fortunately,many imageS of the innumerable ones that had been made, were saved, some of which were handed over to us and are now to be seen in our country. As at times a certain man during his liEfime made the so-called “Thousand Images,” they must all have been small ones, a little over or a Hittle less than one inch in height. Ofthis we may be sure from the number of existing images like these attendants of the third image given here. As confirmation of this,、 We see very few more than five or six inches in height. After having examined these figures, we know that the conception and shape of all came, on the whole, from India: but there are two types of these images in India : that is,the one which ijS popular in the southern part of Middle India, and that of Gandhara Northern India. These difer very much, and the Buddhist images made during The Six Dynasties confused and changed these types.

Now we shall try to mention the specialization the 生還 _The man concentric halos of the fourth image are very much ]ike those seen in the wall-pictures of Ajanta : there are some nipple-like stnds projecting from the outermost halo. This method of treatment in a measure coincides with the serpents having five or seven heads which appear from behind the Buddhist imag3, overshadowing them, which are carved on the stone-railing of the Amaravati towers of Southern India、 A priest of India ofiered a Buddhist image having the serpents pedestal decorated with Hakes of gold-leaf, to Emperor Hui of the Tsin dynasty, China, in the first year of Yung-ning. From such examples。 we understand that the fashion of giving to Buddhist images 4 back-ground of serpents, showing them seated on a serpents pedestal, like those of Amaravati, had been already handed over to China, and then it was changed into that form of a halo at the back of the image ) but the pedestal of many images has no Simhasana or lotus-Hower pedestal, and does not resemble those of the wall-pictures of Ajanta and the stone innages found in the southern part ef Middle India : but the pedestal is 1ike Sumeru-asana, Or a square pedestal : this rather resembles those of the images of Gandhara. Tn fhe next place, we see that it does not follow the art of Gandhara, as we know those images had no fashion of the mystic doctrine of Buddhism in the relics. he head of the image displays two varieties, such as the curled hair of Miqdle India, and the special, waving and crisp hair of Gandhara, but the latter js very rare. The way in which the drapery covers both should- ers of the image, is also a special characteristic of Gandhara, and the frst and the third images shown here follow this fashion: but the fourth displays the mode of Middle India, the robe coming up very nearly to the right shoulder. We do not positively know just what was the special characteristic of the drapery of each form. This, as the religion made progress in China, was naturally infHuenced by the art which then existed in that country. The configuration of the pedestal of the image of Sakyamuni, especially, reveals the specialty of the carving of The Six Dynasties in the matter of curving lines. The drapery of the attendant Bodhisattvas hang and balance on the two sides : this shows that the skill was not yet highly advanced. This form and the configuration of the supporting pedestal (sometimes this is the under part of the robes) and the halo, like the shape of the jewels of the image of Mai- treya and the Sumeru-asana,etc.,influenced our old carvings, and all the images before, during, and after Empress Suiko's era followed them. As to the features, they had already lost the mode of India, and all took the fashion of China, yet they have nothing of the gentle and meek look we see in those images that were made during the Tang dynasty : so, consequently, most of those made during the Suiko era have the same weak atues. In short, these images are very imFortant art-relics which have been left to us, since they enable us to investigate the relations between the art of the two count-

ries, China and ]apan.

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BODHINATTVA TUNG-MENG

(Azozo coloured 7 feet % inch by 4 feet rr inches) BY KOBO DAISHT, 0WNED BY THE TEMPLE, KYO0W0GOKOKUO-JI (TOJI), KYOTO. (VOOD-CU.)

Lung-meng,called Nagarjuna in Sanskrit, was a native of Southern India, and promulgated, throughout the whole country,the doc- trine,IMadhyamika, of the Mahayana of Buddhism. There are also many essays upon the doctrine which were written by him. He is regarded as the founder of the esoteric sect. As to Lung-meng's date, there are many different traditions : some say 3oo years after Buddha's Nirvana : others that 5oo, or even 2oo years passed after die But we accept the statement in “The Biography of Lung-meng。 compiled by Kumarajiva: "One hundred years have passed away since Lung-meng died.” The date of that compilation was froni the 4th to the iith year of Huang-chih's period (4o2-4o8), so the death of Lung-meng must have occured in the 3rd cen- tury of the Western calendar.

The present picture is one of seven 4 ez 7 の, Dreserved in TGji。 of which five were painted by Li Chen, an artist of the Tang dynasty,China, and brought to Japan by Kob6 Daishi, while this one and that of 生計 were produced by the hand of Kobo him- seclf in the r2th year of Konin (82r). These two are, indeed, the best specimens of Kobo's paintings, because not only are they authen- ticated in old documents,but also the legends on the canvases demonstrate their genuineness. The brilliant face of the Bodhisattva, and his pose, well depict an Indian high priest, and every Hine of the feure is prudently drawn, the composition of the whole Subject being full of taste, high and antique,so that it is not at all inferior to the pictures Sd by LiChen (see Vol. VII.). Keb6's bio-

graphy was given in Vol. I.

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RED LOTUN AND WHITE HERONS.

( 24ezozo, in colours: 4 feet by 2feet 5 inches.) SAID TO BE BV HSU HSI (CHINESE). 0WNED BY THE TEMPLE, CHTON-IN. KYOTO.

(COLLOTYPE.)

One of the works said to have been executed by Hsu Hsi, with a very brief biography, has been mentioned in the third volume of this series. This picture is duite the same with the other one in its method of painting lotus. If the former (which we have given) was by su Hsi, this must, without doubt, have been his work. owever, we cannot easily decide whether this is truly from his brush or not. The heron, with a fish in its bill, is cleverly done, while the water-grasses and pepper, the flowers and ste- ms of the lotus, are rather faded and perhaps a httle careless in drawing. We consider

this a precious treasure, and an old one produced before the time ofthe Sung dynasty

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YAMA-DEVA,

(424ezzgz 1n colours 3 feet 8 inches by 2 feet r inch.) SAID TO BE BY YERI SOZU.

0WTNED BY THER TRWMPLE、 WANCHI-TN, TOJ , KYOT0. (COLLO YP .)

Yama-deva (Yenma) is one ofthe gods of Brahmanisn of India. He is one of the eight gods who take care of the world and who are praised in the Vedas. On referring to the Vedas, we see that he was a son of Vivasvat, Srya, and his mother was Saranyu. e was born one of twins, with Yami. Some say that Yama-deva and Yami were the children of Gandharva, and the first Z2 of human beings (twins) who died. In order to have descendants, Yami wished to marry Yama-deva, but he refused. If we investigate the probable origin of this mythology, we fnd that Vivasvat means Heaven and Saranyu means Dawn: Yama-deva is the Sun, and Yami the Coolness of Night, and his refusal to marry Yami signifes the incompatibility of the two. So in the Vedas, Yama-deva is not the. power who judges sins and punishes the dead, as People subsequently came to believe : he is not the King of HHell, but his part js to lead the spirits of the dead to Paradise iimitable, and that Paradise is behind the plain of eaven, where he is the governor, and where the spirits wil mect their parents, children。 husband, wife, or friends, who died before them, and where they will live happily with the gods. The Paradise where Yama-deva rules js alleged to be such a pleasant place, yet the conception of death was so awful to most people, that they could not but think of the terrible, dark side of Yama-deva's character. In the Vedas, Sarameya are mentioned. These are dogs with four eyes. They are swi -footed and belong to Yama-deva, going about the world urging the death of human beings. These conceptions of Yama-deva went further, and in the Purana, that is the sacred book of later Brahmanism, he is alleged to be the judge, for good or evil, of human beings after death, and to be the King of Naraka, where evil souls had to be punished. All the spirits of dead men go at once to the Court of Yama-deva and are judged, in his presence, according to ther deeds, being sentenced by Citragupta, his secretary. By this judge, good Spirits are sent to Svarga of Indra and there made happy , While evil souls are compelled to remain in that place of judgment and are long tormented in Hell. Yama-devas body is said to be green (or blue), he is clad in red (or orange-coloured) garments. He rides on a buflo and has a Danda in his hand. is pseudonyms are many, as is always the case in the mythology of India. We select some of them, as follows : Dharmaraja, Pitripati。Mrityu, Iritanta, Samana, Kala, Dandadhara, Sraddna-deva, and Antaka. All of these came from the idea of death and punishment. Yama-deva in Buddhism is the same person whom we fnd in the Purana of Brahmanism. Jn esoteric Buddhism, Vama-deva has a position with the twenty gods of Vajradhatu-Mandala. He is one of the two hundred and five gods of Outer VajrakIaya of Garbhakosa-dhatu-Mandala : one of the eight gods, one of the ten gods, of the twelve gods, of the seventy gods. His position stands in the south : this he does as one of the eight gods of the Vedas. His body js a red or Hesh colour, or blue-black. The bufalo he rides is painted white or blue, and his Danda is usually surmounted with a human head. In his amily there are, his Princess Wife and Citragupta: or some times there are lady attendants or demons, and Saptamatri.

In the picture we give here, Yama-deva's fesh is the natural Hesh colour. He rides a white buflo。 and holds a sceptre having a human head, as- a family there are a goddess and a demon, one on each side of him. According to the traditions of our Shingon sect, it is said that Yama-deva has seVen sisters: or, it iS said, there are seven Saptamatri in his mily. his came from confusing Sapta-sindhava with the seven godmothers of Purana : and again from a misunderstanding of Yamuna of the seven rivers and Vama-deva. According to the PurAna, the princess wife of Yama-deva is Vijay3, a lady of Brahmanism : but in our Shingon sect we do not have this name : consequently, we use only the feminine form of Vama-deva.

This picture is said to have been painted by Veri SGzu, who was a priest in the temple, Toji。 Kyo6to, when the ceremony in honour of the mother of Emperor Daigo was performed in the hall, Kwanjuji im the 3rd year of Encho (925). At that tme, he was appointed the chief priest in that cerenony. JIn the 6th year of the same cra he became a Risshi (the pricstly rank next below SGzu), and in the rst year of Shohei (93r) he was appointed chief manager of Toji. In the 5th year of the same era, he was created Gon-sh6s6zu (Vice-S6zu) and he died on the 24th day, rgth month, of that year, at the age of eighty-four. He was a priest for sixty-two years. He was a skilful artist and he painted the portrait of the founder of his sect in the ffoma Hall, Kwancho-in, Goji. He also painted that founder's picture on the post of Daibutsu-den, Todaiji. These facts are given in 722gz and SZzZZ22277- ZZ%@2. We must not confuse him with Yeri Ajari (4ccZ2y , the title of a Buddhist priest who sees to the instruction of minor priests under him), a maker of Buddhist images, who carved many such images that were in the hall which was burned in the I7th year of Engi (9rZ), as is narrated in 7%2272 7oZz. In this picture we see the upright, strict manner of the Chinese method of patnting that was brought to this country by Kukai, or copicd by Enchin : but in treatment and in colouring it shows, in a measure, the Tapanese taste of the Fujiwara time (oth to r2th centuries). From these facts, the tradition which says that this picture was made during or soon after the Engi or Ench6 era, may be considered somewhat reliable. The tone of the picture is very loftyj the drawing is very cxact, while the features and style of the figures are natural and minute. We may say that this is one of the best works ammong Buddhist pictures,

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THE WELOCOMING AMITAYUS,

(2 zozo。 coloured 4 feet inch by 2 feet 34 inch.) SAID TO BE BV VESHIN SOZU.

0WNED BY THE TEPLE, ANNY0J IT, FUKU1T, YECHIZEN PROVINCE. (COLLO TYPE.)

We do not know exactly when the principles of the 6do sect of Buddhists were first promulgated in India or somewhere in the middle part of Asia : this question is still being investigated. We know only the date of some of the sacred books. It is also not known whether this sect was based upon Brahmanism, or whether it was evolved from Buddhist ideals alone. Many Avalokitesvaras, who are of the mily of Amit&yus, came from the Avatara of Siva, Mahesvara, or his princess、Durg& of Brahmanism. We know this, not only because of their Sanskrit names and by their images, but also because the conception of Naraka, the opposite of Sukhavati, and of the governor,。Yama, fts the teaching of Padma Purana, and so the conception of Amitayus and his Paradise, perhaps, came from Saivas or Vaishnavas. Vishnu has other names, Amita-vikrama and Amrita, and the ]atter is sometimes used as another name for Siva. The pseudonyms for Amitayus, which the Shingon sect has as a tradition, are Amritaraja and Lokesvararaja-Tathagata. The latter of these two, we see, iS very much like Saivas, and the alternative name is Trilokesa. We can now surmise, in Some measure, the relation between Amitayus and Saivas or Vaishnavas. The image of Amitayus is quite the same as Sakyamuni- Buddha in features: and not only is not like the images of Brahmanism, but, on the contrary, the Buddha-Avatara of Vaishnavas was adopted from the principles of Sakyamuni-Buddha by Brahmanism. At any rate, AmitAyus is believed, by Buddhist, to be the Saviour in Paradise (The West), and to make souls live there, welcoming those who wish to enter. Yeshin SGzu was the person who frst painted Amitayus as Welcoming the dead : before him, there were only such pictures as show the bright scenes of Paradise, like Sukhavati-Mandala, or there Was a picture of Amita- yus alone, or, occasionally, with three personages attending him. But Yeshin promulgated the 6do doctrine, and he portrayed the Welcoming Amitayus,” representing his conception of this theory. Some of his pictures show three gods appearing on a mountain. We have given in the first volume of this series such a picture of Amitayus appearing on the mountain. Some pictures show this god as appearing out of the air, accompanied - by many members of his family : such an one we showed in the fourth volume: “Amitayus and Twenty-five Bodhisattvas.“

The picture we reproduce here is one of the latter kind, and is said to have been painted by Yeshin. The dimensions, comparing it with that of Hachimank6 of KSyasan (reproduced in Vol. IV. of this series), are not only smaller,but the arrangement iS not the samej yet the method of painting is somewhat alike in the two. The features and the form of Buddha and the Bodhi-sattvas show a surprising harmony in sublimity and elegance : the exact and old way of drawing the lines and the colour scheme are ftted to the time in which Yeshin lived, and we understand that the tradition iS not wrong. The two Bodhisattvas。 Avalokitesvara before Buddha are offcring the Padmasana while Sthama-prapta takes the Chatta, and both behind and on both sides of Buddha are twenty-one Bodhisattvas who form a band of music: two Bhikshus are also shown. These are what are called the Twenty-five Bodhi-sattvas. As to these so-called twenty-five Bodhisattvas, we do not fnd any authority for them in the sacred books which we can accept, excepting Avalokitesvara and Sthama-prapta : but Yeshin painted only from his own conception, and showed briefy the innumerable members of Amitayus family. The names are mentioned in the Satra Ju-6]9G-kyo and the articles which they hold, are known by the laudatory poem, Welcoming Twenty-fve Bodhi-sattvas.” INow, the number of these gods in some pictures is not the same as in others : for instance, in some there is one priest only, but in this picture we see two: and sometimes we see Priests among twenty-five Bodhisattvas, as in this。while in another we may see him with twenty-four or twenty-five Bodhisattvas besides. When a priest iS alonc, he is Arya Gaganaga a taking the appearance of a priest: but when there are two, one of them is Muhenshin Bodhisattva in the form of a pricst. We need not investigate deeply for other names, excepting Avalokitesvara or Sthama-prapta, and we shall regard them as Bodhisattvas who sing and dance, or as Devat&.

The biography of Yeshin has been given before, therefore we do not repeat here.

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LANDSCAPE,

(Part of a screen, coloured: whole height 4 feet 7 inches, breadth 7 feet 3 inches.) ARTIST UNKNOWN. 0WNED BY THE TEWPLE, JINGOJT TAKAO, NEAR KYOTO.

(WOOD-CUF.)

The present screen was used in the ceremony of Abhisheka of the Shingon Sect of buddhists. There are two mous old ones : that in Toji: this other in Jingoji. part of the former is given in the fifth volume of this series, and a part of the latter in the seventh volume. The picture reproduced here is also a part of the latter: whatever speculations as to the artist, his time, and his school are induced by a study of this work, we have already given. Therefore, i we examine this picture in connection with the others, we shall easily understand that they were looked upon as models for depicting figures, trees, and rocks, in the methods of

the Tosa artists who came after the time when this was done.

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LANDSOAPEN,

(Pair of zo monochrome sketches : each, 4 feet 21/ 」。inches by 2 feet 4 inches.)

SAID TO BE BY YEN TZU-PING (CHINESE).

0WNED BY DAISEN-IN, DAITOKUJI, KYOTO. (COLLOTYPES.)

Yen TTzu-ping was the son of Ven Chung. He learned painting from his father, but his skill was superior to the latter's. e is especially good in depicting landscapes and fgures,but he is also famous for his pictures of cattle, and is said that his method is very much Hike that of the famous artists of the Tang dynasty. In the beginning of the reign of siao-tsung of the Southern Sung dynasty (II63), he had the honour of presenting his work at Court, and he was made a Court painter. He became one of the o cials who have the custody of Imperial Art treasures, and the honour of being permitted to wear a golden belt was conferred upon him.

The pictures of autumn and winter ]andscapes, reproduced here, are said to have been painted by Yen Tzu-ping. When we examine them carefully, although they seem to follow the methods of the Sung school in the general treatment and in the mode of using India-ink, yet the conception and the manner of depict- ing trees and rocks appear to be somewhat like the Southern school. If we conclude that these were truly the work of Yen 2zu-ping, we readily understand the legend which tells us that he studied the method left by the artists of the former dynasty, and then evolved his own form. This jis, probably, the point wherein he rs from other famous artists of his tinne. The scientifc method of perspective which is fol- lowed by artists of recent times, of course cannot bring out the pecuhar skill and methods of japanese and Chinese masters of ancient days. The pictures, as we see, are very successful in depicting distance. The balance between the foreground and the distant hills : the contrast between the dense and the Heht tones: the rythmical boldness and delicacy of the brushwork, all compel us to praise the artist's skill. There is both precision and dash: the method of drawing rocks and trees gives us a very good model for such gentle scenes: while the action of the trees, swayed by the autumn wind in one picture, gives a feehng of refreshment, and that sense of refreshment seems to spread over the whole canvas. In the other picture, behold how the cold grey of the sky and the form of the mountatns,maKke us shiver as we seen to feel the wintry chill !

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HISTORIOAT, PICTURE OF SAIGY0.

(Part of zz2427z の, in colours height ri inches。whole 1ength rg feet 4 inches.) SAID TO BE BY TSUNETAKA TOSA.

0WNED BY ARQUIS YOSHINORI TOKUGAWA, NAGOYA., (COLLOTY PE.)

There are two famous ZzzzgZ (picture roll) which ilustrate the story of Saigyo: one is said to have been painted by Tsunetaka : the other by Uneme Kaida. We give here a section of one of the former. It js not known just how many rolls there were in this complete ZZ72 2 but another copy is owned by Marquis Hachisuga's family. The roll, from which our picture is reproduced, is said to have been painted by Tsunetaka, because Mitsusada Tosa, in the 4th year of Anyei (IZZ5) certifed it to be so. 2gzeZ ZZ25Z2277Z ZZ- Z 6 and J27z272 Ws followed this authority and likewise make the same statement. According to the testimony of Ryosa Kohitsu, in the 3rd year of JG-G (654), the legends on the rolls are said to have been written by Tameiye Fujiwara.

Tsunetaka was the son of Takachika (who lived during the middle of the rth century). The honour of the second degree of the fifth rank was conferred upon him, and he was appointed vice-governor of Tosa province. The dates of his birth and death are not known, but the time of JO-an (riZr to Ii74) wi be, probably, the middle part of his 1iG. Tameiye, however, was born in the Sth year of Kenkyu (rr9Z) and died in the rst year of Kenji (2Z5), and therefore he was in the prime of life about the Katei era, so if we assume that Tsunetaka was born at the time of H6yen, he must have becn about one hundred years old at the time of Katei which seems to be a httle incongruous. But if we consider that this 7z2zzz2z Was made hy Tameiye in his youthful days, about the era of Shokyu or JG-0O, and also, we assume that Tsunetaka d live to such an extreme old age, then we reach a conclusion that is not altogether illogical. Therefore, on the authority of Mitsusada, who perhaps saw the 2 27zg- ZZ 77zg2。 painted by Tsunetaka, before its destruction (it was burnt during the time of Bunkwa), we may conclude that this is a work which Tsunetaka left to us, since there seems to be no other way to decide.

The picture given here, depicts Saigyo (lived from iri8 to rroo) who, affected by the sudden death of a fmiend, became a priest. He went to Saga and there shaved his head. The picture relates to the ]atter part of this story: that is, the scene at the temple at Saga-no. hroughout the 2z227z the colouring isS rather light: the fgures and the buildings are skillfully drawn, being fne and exact. As to the hills, water, and trees, the brush runs smoothly, seeming to follow the artist's very thoughts. The whole work is painted very lightly,。yet the entire composition shows that the artist possessed a reserve strength: this point gives a mysterions quality that is beyond expression. HIence the picture iS very precious among the many Zzzzgz that have come down to us from ancient times.

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From the gold zz 2 decoration on the lacquered doors of the Shrine of Tayema Mandala: rr feet 4 inches by 6 feet 3 inches. 5g / d 5 3 6 ARTIST UNKNOWN.

0WNED BY TRER TEWPLE, TAYE ADERA YAMATO PROVINCE. (COLLOTYP .) (

The lotus fHowers given here are done in zz2 2 on the doors of a ]arege, portable shrine, which was pre- sented to the temple, Tayemadera by Shogun Yoritsune Fujiwara, in 1r242, iaccordance with instructions con- tained in the last wil of Yoritomo Minamoto, the frst Shegun of the Kamakura resime. The surface of the doors is black lacquer upon the upper part of which lotus Howers are painted in gold, while the names of the subscribers to the building fund of the shrine are given in the lower part.

Portable shrines, as a rule, are intended only for small images of Buddha, hence they are generally made on a small scale: but the present Shrine iS such a laree one that it might be thought to be a part of the building. In the Fujiwara period (oth to rrth centuries) zz262 2 was oftentimes employed in the decoration of buildings, but there are very few examples of such ]aree scale as this shrine and the one preserved in the temple, KGdaiji, Kyoto. The treatment of the water and the lotus HHowers in this zz2 2 iS remarkably efective and is really decorative indeed! As stated already, the date of this zz2Z e is clearly determined, and, moreover, among the Subscribers'”names is that of Sadatsune Fnujiwara, a lacquerer, whom we consider to have been the artist who executed this Zzz6 Z. Therefore the work is not only an important relic from an artistic standpoint, but also in

the history of zz2g7〆.

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