RPNew Pork Htate College of Agriculture At Cornell University Bthaca, N. VY. Library Cornell University Library The original of this book Is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924074094446 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY INUINVCIIATAI 24 BEUCALYPTOGRAPHIA. A DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS KUCALYPTS OF AUSTRALIA ADJOINING ISLANDS; BARON FERD. VON MUELLER, K.CMLG, M. & PHD, FRS., GOVERNMENT BOTANIST FOR THE COLONY OF VICTORIA. “‘ NON SUCCIDES ARBORES, NEC SECURIBUS DEBES VASTARE EARUM REGIONEM.”—Liber Deuteronomié’ xx. 19. DECADES I—xX. 1879-1884. TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS ALBERT EDWARD, Prince of GAales, K.G., K.T., K.P, THE EXALTED PATRON OF INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS, This ork ON A GENUS OF TIMBER-TREES, MOST EXTENSIVE IN SPECIES, PRE-EMINENT IN TECHNIC IMPORTANCE AND FOREMOST IN COMPRISING THE LOFTIEST OF TREES WITHIN THE VAST BRITISH EMPIRE, Es Dedicated IN HUMBLEST REVERENCE, INTRODUCTION. Tue issue of this Atlas has been for a long time under contemplation. Indeed material for it accumulated here since 1847, when the author commenced also in reference to the Eucalypts his local Australian studies, ever since carried on as opportunities occurred. But the subject is so large and surrounded by so many perplexities, that even now he can offer his observations only fragmentary. It is acknowledged, that of all generic groups of Australian plants that of Eucalyptus is the most difficult for elaboration. This arises not only from the very large number of species,—Euca- lyptus being in this respect solely surpassed by Acacia,—but also because the habitual resemblance of many specific forms is very deceptive; again, because fruits and especially flowers of these trees are not within easy reach of travelling collectors at all seasons ; also further, in consequence of several species differing in regard to the persistence or secession of their bark according to geologic influences; and lastly, some even extending to the Indian islands, though none occurring in New Zealand. Yet to assign to each species its proper systematic place involves the study of all allied congeners, and these are often not to be found in natural proximity, but only dispersed at wide distances in Australia. Great obstacles arose also in identifying the earlier discovered species, their first description being generally of extreme briefness and imperfection, so much so that it was only in a few of the principal Museum- collections of Europe, where from comparison of autographically named original specimens many of our Eucalypts could be unmistakably recognized. Still already in 1855 and 1856, during Aug. Gregory’s expedition, the author endeavoured to shed fuller light on the tropical Eucalypts by close observations instituted in their natural haunts, the results being rendered known in the journal of proceedings of the Linnean Society in 1858, p. 81-101. Similar and still ampler notes were extended connectedly to the extra-tropical species, both eastern and western, in 1860 (Fragm. Phytogr. Austr. ii., 32-71). In these writings many of the characteristics, on which dependence can be placed for specific discrimination in this singular genus, were first drawn into 4 INTRODUCTION. diagnostic use. These researches formed to a large measure the basis, on which the venerable Mr. Bentham, with access to all the resources then available, and gradually accumulated since the time of Cook’s first voyage, built up a complete descriptive system of the species of Eucalyptus in 1866 (Flora Australiensis iii., 185-261). The primary characteristic for grouping the specific forms (about | 140 then being known), which received preference by Mr. Bentham, was derived d from the stamens and particularly the anthers; the systematic arrangement thus devised has also since proved the most consenient for easy working with Museum-material, so long as it was the main object to ascertain the name of any species. But the method of grouping adopted by him brings also into close contact most of the Eucalypts, which are bound together by natural affinity. Trifling alterations have however suggested themselves during the actual use of this arrangement; for instance, from the series of “Normales” should be dismembered the subseries of ‘“ Cornute,” to which, as forming really a distinct full series, the appellation ‘“ Orthostemones” might most expressively be applied; some further separations from the Normales might aptly be effected still, and perhaps some re-arrangements also, in order to bring all the sections of the genus more into values of equality. It might have been advisable to have adopted this method of arrangement for the Atlas also, and to have numbered the plates accordingly ; but on full consideration it was deemed best, to leave the lithograms purposely unnumbered, as then the author could move more freely in his choice of the species for successive illustration; moreover, then any one, who had occasion to utilize the Atlas, might unrestrictedly arrange the plates either in accordance with the method derived from the stamens, or according to the cortical system, or at all events merely alphabetically. The issue of the lithograms, thus independent of each other, necessitated also the printing of the text on separate pages for each species, the whole to be bound up on the completion of the work, when the needful indices could be published also. Several additional well-marked species of Eucalyptus have only been discovered during the last few years, whereas other are likely yet to be added from still unexplored tracts of Australia and perhaps the adjoining islands. Any such additional kinds can be inserted at their right places into the work, if we remain free from numeric sequence. As however a series of years must necessarily elapse, before the needful funds for the completion of so large a work can gradually be secured, and as moreover plates and text will likely be quoted successively in other publications, it became necessary to adopt at once some form of periodic issue, for which that in decades seemed the most eligible. Meanwhile the enlightened Government of West Australia is issuing already two decades, pertaining to the leading timber-trees of the great western colony; and perhaps some of the other colonial Governments may follow this example, to expedite the work, and to relieve our own colony of a portion of the cost of a publication, in which all Australia INTRODUCTION. 5 is not only scientifically but also technologically interested. The limits to be assigned to a work such as an Eucalyptography, supposed to serve industrial and forestral as well as scientific purposes, have been the subject of much meditation of the author. Practically there is no limit to a work of this kind, particularly when it is remembered, that the Eucalypts form the principal timber-vegetation nearly all over the wide Australian continent, and that for all ages the inhabitants of this portion of the globe will have to rely largely if not mainly on Eucalypts for wood-supply, not to speak of what other nations are doing and likely to do with our trees elsewhere. In adopting for the gradual appearance of this work an unconstrained issue, it becomes possible, to add to the text of any species, whenever in the progress of discoveries or of experi- ments new data may require to be recorded, by merely inserting additional independent pages or even plates. Through these remarks it may at once be explained, why in some instances fuller details on particular utilitarian qualities, possessed by some of the leading Eucalypts, are even reserved for a future period. To render records on the industrial value of any woods really reliable for timber-merchants or artisans or industrial exhibitors, any single experiments are of little avail; only from numerous tests even of the same kind of wood, obtained at different seasons and from distinct localities, can general conclusions be drawn as regards the specific properties of one sort of timber in comparison to the greater or lesser merits of others. For resuming such tests on an extensive scale, it is hoped, renewed facilities will early arise by the restoration of the laboratory-accommodation and requisite apparatus, all completely withdrawn from the Government Botanist’s department, with many other indispensable auxiliaries, some years ago. The needful provision, established by the writer in former years, enabled him then also to commence to place the potash, oils, tars, acids, dyes, tans and other products and educts from Eucalypts before the industrial world at the universal exhibitions. For ascertaining the relative ratio of growth of the Eucalyptus-trees, their dependence on particular soils, their adaptability to various technologic purposes and many other objects of general interest, connected with this remarkable kind of vegetation, a scientific observer should also not be left aidless in withholding from his control an extensive collection of growing trees, such as the writer during twenty years had brought gradually together for his continual observa- tions from almost all parts of Australia. Observant rural colonists as well as travellers in any portion of Australia could much advance a thorough knowledge of the Eucalypts by securing for the writer of these pages some leafy branchlets with flowerbuds, expanded flowers and ripe fruits of any species of Eucalyptus within their range of observation, accompanied whenever it can be done by notes on the geologic formation of the places of growth, the aboriginal vernacular, the height of the tree, the peculiarities of the bark and timber of each species, the time of flowering and such other data as may seem of interest. 6 INTRODUCTION. In submitting now the first portion of this monography to the public, the author ventures to express a hope, that the importance of the Eucalypts, whether viewed in their often unparalleled celerity of growth among hardwood-trees, or estimated in their manifold applicabilities to the purposes of industrial life, or contemplated as representing among them in all-overtowering height the loftiest trees in Her Majesty’s dominions, will be still more deservedly recognized by the perusal of these unpre- tensive pages both here and elsewhere. Melbourne, Easter 1879. BRIEF REMARKS AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE MAIN-WORK WITH ITS TENTH DECADE. Although at least two more decades are needed, to complete mainly the specific records of all existing Encalypts, it is deemed best by the author of this work, to provide indices and a synopsis of the characteristics of the species now already. The reasons are obvious; among the 20-380 kinds of Eucalypts, yet to be illustrated, none seems to hold out a promise of becoming of superior technic importance; their specific demarcation moreover can in most cases not yet be drawn with completeness and accuracy for want either of sufficient museum-material, or of opportunities to study their characteristics further in culture or in free nature. Moreover the Kucalypts, which remain yet to be dealt with, are mostly restricted to widely distant and as yet hardly accessible localities, and may even not become all well elucidated during the remaining years of this century. But by the time, at which the specific records as a mere basis or frame- work for industrial researches shall have been completed, vast access also will have been gained through trial- cultures, therapeutic application, laboratory - analyses, engineering tests and handicraft-exertions to those data, which the author has endeavoured, concerning the great genus Eucalyptus, to collect into the present ten decades; hence ample additional material, the acquirement of which may indeed extend, to an almost indefinite period, is sure to accumulate for supplemental pages and plates, or perhaps for recasting the whole monography. A hope is however entertained, that by issuing some new portion of this work ere long, various important supplemental notes may at no distant day be connectedly gathered on species, which appeared in the earlier decades. Thus already the large treatise by Prof. Charles Naudin on the very numerous kinds of Eucalypts, raised by that highly scientific ruralist in the famous garden of the Ville Thuret near Antibes and traced there from the embryonic state to the full development of each specific form, will afford important data, as rendered known in the Annales des Sciences naturelles of this year. The medical periodicals of all civilized nations bring also more and more therapeutic notices on the various Eucalypts, which information needs to be connectedly utilized for future pages of this or any other Monography of the genus ; and in accomplishing this, we will be again reminded by an enlightened and venerable American of the scriptural words: “The leaves of the tree shall be for the healing of the nations” (Revelat. xxii. 5). Hxtensive plantations, assuming in many a country both of the northern and southern hemisphere now already forestral dimensions, give rise likewise to more varied application of Eucalyptus-wood in technology for perhaps early record. A recently commenced splendid issue, “The Forest-Flora of South Australia,” by the zealous conservator and generator of woods in a sister-colony, con- tinues to bring new notations before us, none of which appeared in time to be utilized for the Eucalyptography hitherto here. Mr. Hutchins’s elaborate comparative measurements of Eucalyp- tus-growth in the Nilgeris, where forest-culture of Eucalypts received, like in many other places abroad, early support from the writer, need corresponding observations in other zones and under different circumstances here and elsewhere. May these brief indications now also show, that the author cannot hope during the remaining probably brief period of his life-time, to complete the present work with some approach to exhaustiveness of the subject, and that it was therefore best to bring it to a temporary conclusion now; he at the same time well foreseeing, that the Eucalypts are destined, to play a prominent part for all times to come in the silvan culture of vast tracts of the globe, and that for hardwood-supplies, for sanitary measures and for beneficient climatic changes all countries within the warmer zones will with appreciable extensiveness have to rely on our Eucalypts during an as yet uncountable future ! EUCALYPTUS. L Heritier; sertum Anglicum 18, t. 20 (1788). Systematic Posrrion.—Order Myrtacez ; tribe Leptospermez. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENUS.—Calyx of firm consistence, by transverse fissure or more rarely by across-rupture separated into a lower persistent more or less tubular or semiovate or hemispheric portion and into a deciduous lid. Petals none, unless represented in some few species by an inner separate or separable opercular membrane. Stamens very numerous, inserted close to the edge of the calyx-tube in several rows, all fertile or some of the outer by absence of anthers sterile, all free or rarely united at the base into four bundles, always finally deciduous ; filaments thread-like, pointed, all inflexed while in bud or rarely the outer or very seldom all filaments straight before expansion ; anthers dorsifixed, their two cells parallel or divergent, each opening by a marginal or anterior slit or less commonly by a pore; pollengrains tetrahedrous, smooth, with longitudinal apertures. Style filiform; stigma convex or almost flat, undivided, seldom much dilated beyond the summit of the style. Ovary 3-6-celled, very rarely or quite exceptionally two- celled ; its lower portion adnate, its upper portion more or less free. Ovules in each cell numerous, spreading from an axile elongated narrow placenta in two or more rows, the greatest majority remaining unfertilized. Fruit consisting of the variously enlarged indurated and truncated or rarely four-toothed calyx-tube and an hardened inferiorly adnate capsule; the latter with 3-5 rarely 2 or 6 wholly or partially exserted or entirely enclosed valves and with a thick central somewhat columnar or rarely pyramidal axis. Seeds numerous, but comparatively few fertile ; testa of these thin, generally without any appendage, or that of some species expanded into a membranous large terminal appendage, or that of other species forming narrow membranes along the angles of the seeds. Hilum ventral or basal. Embryo of amygdaline consistence. Cotyledones broad, much compressed, somewhat folded, undivided or bilobed, curved around the cylindrical straight erect radicle. Evergreen trees, sporadic as well as gregarious, sometimes of enormous height, or tall or rarely dwarfed shrubs, copiously present in all parts of Australia even in intratropic low lands or in arid desert-sands or on alpine elevations, more scantily occurring in New Guinea, in Timor and very rarely in the Moluccas, mostly of rapid growth, flowering occasionally at a very early age; stem not rarely kinofluous; bark either completely persistent or its outer layers variously seceding ; matured wood always particularly hard; main branches usually distant; foliage often not densely shady; branchlets frequently pendent, quite glabrous or sometimes those of juvenile plants rough-hairy or rarely so also those of advanced plants; leaves of aged plants nearly always glabrous and thick in texture, never soft-hairy, often scattered and conspicuously stalked or in some species opposite and then generally sessile or very rarely in pairs connate; those of very young states of the plant frequently different in texture, position and shape to those of the more aged plants; these latter prevailingly approaching in form to lanceolar-sickleshaped, often of equal color as well as stomatiferous on both sides and turning one edge towards the zenith and the other towards the ground; much less frequently considerably darker above, and then often stomatiferous only on the lower side and spreading horizontally ; oil-dots pellucid or concealed ; peculiarly and strongly odorous ; primary veins often copious and much spreading ; insertion on the leaf-stalk in very few species and particularly in their very juvenile state suprabasal ; inflorescence either axillary or terminal or more rarely both modes united or partially lateral ; flowers in single or paniculated umbels or much less commonly two only together or quite solitary ; EUCALYPTUS. umbel-stalks and flower-stalklets much \oftener present than absent, the former sometimes much dilated ; umbels by the final fall of any sustending leaf ceasing to be axillary, not rarely capitate, while very young enclosed within a pair of fugacious and sometimes diminutive bracts; calyces of different species very variable in size; lid not rarely provided with a minute early dropping accessory outer layer; filaments generally pale with a slightly yellowish tinge, more rarely bright- yellow or orange-colored or crimson; inner filaments gradually shorter ; connective of anthers usually raised at the summit or dorsally towards the top into a callous gland; slits of anthers sometimes confluent; style seldom very short; discal lining generally much extended beyond the ovary ; fruits for a long while persistent, from very small in some species to remarkably large in others, oftener smooth than streaked or ridged; discal space intervening between the edge of the calyx and the base of the valves from narrow to very broad in different species and not seldom protruding ; capsular portion of the fruit largely adnate to the calyx-tube, only exceptionally much seceding ; valves always glabrous, very rarely by the persistent base of the style permanently connected ; seeds long retained in the fixed fruit, soon shedding on detachment of the latter ; fertile seeds usually outside dark-brown; sterile seeds mostly pale-brown and smaller than the others.—Natural cross-fertilisation of flowers only exceptional and then partial ; artificial hybrid- isation easy. The genus Angophora differs from Eucalyptus, to which it is closely allied, in the calycine lid of the latter being replaced by distinct somewhat petaloid quite overlapping calyx-lobes; the bristly hairiness of Angophora occurs also in some species of Eucalyptus, while likewise the denticulations of the calyx-tube of Angophora become developed in the section Hudesmia. The absence of normal petals and the complete conversion of the calyx-limb into a lid form the chief distinctions, by which Eucalyptus is separated from Metrosideros ; a coalescence of lobes (to the number of four) into an operculum is however indicated by the few eudesmoid species ; the segregation of the filaments of the latter into four sets affords some approach to the genus Tristania, although the filaments become not connate into any linear homogeneous membrane, but arise from four protrusions of the discal lining of the calyx. Acicalyptus (Piliocarpus, Brongniart and Gris) and Calyptranthes are more widely distant from Eucalyptus in the not capsular structure of the fruit. THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED AND THEIR LEADING CHARACTERISTICS DEFINED. +. + I—RENANTHEREZ. Anthers mostly broader than long, usually kidney-shaped, opening anteriorily by divergent, upwards confluent slits. (Umbels generally solitary. Fertile aud sterile seeds mostly conformous.) “/_sO#K. paucirLora.—Leaves elongated, thick, shining, equally green, veined longitudinally; umbels solitary, lid hemispheric; fruits truncate-ovate, border of orifice depressed, valves enclosed. (Leiophloiz.) E. stertutata.—Leaves small, thick, equally green, veined longitudinally; umbels solitary, flowers very small, numerous, lid semiovate-conical ; fruits trancate-globular, border depressed, valves enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) KE. amyapatina.—Leaves thin, equally green, veins not much spreading, oil-dots copious, trans- parent; umbels solitary, flowers small, lid almost hemispheric; fruits truncate-ovate, border depressed, valves enclosed. (Inophloiae—Leiophloiz.) E. evGentoipes.—Leaves equally dark-green, shining, very inequilateral at the base, much trans- parently dotted; umbels mostly solitary, lid semiovate; fruits truncate-globular, border depressed, valves barely enclosed. (Inophloiz.) —~ E. preerita.—Leaves less shining beneath, much transparently dotted; umbels solitary, lid semiovate-conical ; fruits truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Inophloiz.) E. pruutaris.—Leaves rather less shining beneath; umbels mostly axillary, their stalks compressed, lid semiovate-conical ; fruits truncate-ovate, border depressed, valves enclosed. (Rhytiphloic —Inophloiz.) BE. acmenorwes.—Leaves paler beneath; umbels mostly axillary, their stalks slender, lid hemi- spheric, pointed ; fruits truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. (Inophloie.) — E. opriqua.—Leaves equally green, shining, very inequilateral at the base; umbels solitary, calyces granular-rough, lid hemispheric; fruits truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Inophloiz.) — E. srricra.—Dwarf; leaves thick, mostly narrom, equally green, shining ; umbels solitary, calyces granular-rough; fruits truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. E. aneustisstua.—Dwarf; leaves very narrow; flowers small; tube of the calyx broader than the semiovate lid; fruits semiglobular, with attenuated base, border depressed, valves barely enclosed. E. Oxprrip1.— Dwarf; leaves equally green, thick ; umbels solitary, stalks short, stalklets very short, lid semiovate-hemispheric ; outer stamens straight in bud, anthers roundish-cordate ; fruits rather large, below hemispheric, dorder of orifice broad convex, emersed, valves exserted. E. saNTALIFOLIA.—Dwarf; leaves thick, rather narrow, equally green, shining ; umbels solitary, stalklets almost none, lid semiovate-conical ; outer stamens straight in bud, anthers roundish- cordate ; fruits hemispheric below, border broad, convex, emersed, valves very short, exserted. - KE. caprrectata.—Leaves thick, elongated, rather less shining beneath, very inequilateral at the base; umbels axillary, sta/klets none, lid hemispheric; fruits semiovate below, border broad, convex, emersed, valves much exserted. (Inophloiz.) . E. macrorrnyncna.—Leaves elongated, equally green; umbels solitary; calyx-lid concavely attenuated, sharply pointed; fruits below hemispheric, border convea, emersed, valves much exserted. (Inophloiz.) E. namastoma.— Leaves equally green, very shining; umbels solitary, stalks somewhat com- pressed; outer stamens sterile; fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves very short, barely enclosed. (Leiophloie.) . E. Smpertana.—Leaves elongated, thick, pale, equally green, shining; veins thin, not much spreading; umbels solitary, their stalks compressed, lid hemispheric; outer stamens sterile ; fruits truncate-ovate, border depressed, valves very short, barely enclosed. (Schizophloie.) E. uicrocorys.—Leaves thin, much paler beneath, much transparently dotted, veins spreading ; umbels partly paniculated, stalklets elongated, lid very small, hemispheric; outer stamens sterile; fruits hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves minute, barely enclosed. (Inophloie.) iH. marernata.—Leaves paler beneath, veins spreading ; umbels solitary, lid conical ; outer stamens straight in bud; fruits globular-ovate, truncate, border compressed, valves very short, barely enclosed. (Inophloie.) E. Batteyvana.—Leaves thin, equally green, much transparently dotted; umbels mostly solitary ; lid hemispheric; fruits globular-urnshaped, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. (Ino- phloiz.) E. Toprtawa.—Leaves thick, shining, almost equally green; umbels solitary, stadklets none, lid hemispheric; anthers cordate; fruits rather large, truncate-globular, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds membranously margined. EH. carsta.—Leaves thick, equally dull-green, veins not much spreading ; umbels solitary, stalhlets elongated, bent downward; fruits rather large, truncate-ovate, somewhat urnshaped, streaked, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. EH. BuPRESTIUM.—Leaves rather small, equally green; umbels mostly solitary ; flowers small, lid hemispheric ; fruits large, truncate-globular, greyish, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds membranously margined. E. sEPULCRALIS.—Leaves narrow, equally green; umbels solitary, stalks elongated; lid hemi- spheric, filaments yellow, anthers roundish; fruits large, ovate-urnshaped, narrowed upwards, valves deeply enclosed. (Leiophloiz.) II.—PORANTHEREA. Anthers not or hardly broader than long, usually roundish, opening by pores (always minute). HE. panicutata.—Leaves rather thin, paler beneath, umbels mostly paniculated ; lid thin, conical- semiovate; outer stamens sterile; anthers truncated, opening at the summit; stigma much dilated; fruit semiovate, border of orifice compressed, valves enclosed. (Schizophloise— Leiophloiz.) E. Levcoxyton.—Leaves equally dull-green; umbels solitary, mostly three-flowered, stalklets elongated, lid semiovate, pointed; outer stamens sterile, anthers truncated, opening at the summit; stigma much dilated; fruits semiovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Schizo- phloiee—Leiophloiz.) ~~ E. mexiiopora.— Leaves equally dull-green ; umbels solitary; lowers small; lid conic-hemi- spherical ; outer stamens sterile; anthers truncated, opening at the summit; stigma much dilated ; fruits truncate-ovate ; border compressed, valves enclosed. (Rhytiphloie.) E. potyantHema.—Leaves broad, equally dull-green; umbels paniculated ; lid almost hemispheric ; outer stamens sterile ; anthers truncated, opening at the summit; fruit truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) HE. ocHropHLo1a.—Leaves elongated, equally green, shining, veins not much spreading ; umbels partly paniculated ; calyces angular; lid semiovate-conical, pointed ; outer stamens sterile ; fruit hemiellipsoid ; border compressed, valves deeply enclosed. (Leiophloie.) E. eraciiis.—Dwarf ; leaves narrow, equally green, shining ; umbels solitary ; calyces angular ; lid almost hemispheric; outer stamens sterile; fruits hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves enclosed. E. uncrnata.—Dwarf; leaves narrow, equally green ; umbels solitary ; flowers small; lid semi- ovate ; stamens sharply infracted before expansion; fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves pointed, barely enclosed. EH. oporata.—Leaves rather narrow, equally green ; oil-dots numerous ; umbels mostly solitary ; lid hemispheric-conical ; anthers truncated; stigma somewhat dilated; fruits hemiellipsoid, border compressed, annular at the edge, valves deeply enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) Ei. LARGIFLORENS.—Leaves thin, equally dull-green ; umbels paniculated ; id doudle, the inner hemispheric, less wide than the calyx-tube ; outer stamens sometimes sterile ; fruit small, trun- cate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) E. nemmpuiora.—Leaves thick, elongated, equally green ; umbels paniculated ; calyces somewhat angular; lid semiovate-conical ; fruit hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves deeply enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) BE. Beariana.—Leaves thick, broadish, shining, equally green ; umbels paniculated ; flowers small ; lid hemispheric ; fruit truncate-ovate, border rather depressed, valves enclosed. (Leiophloiz.) EB. porputirotia.—Leaves broad, equally green, shining, long-stalked, much transparently dotted ; stalklets very short; umbels paniculated; lid hemispheric; /ruzé small, semiovate, border rather depressed, valves close to the summit, barely enclosed. (Rhytiphloie.) III.—STRONGYLANTHERES. Anthers not or scarcely longer than broad, usually roundish, opening by longitudinal slits. (Transits from Renantheree: E. santalifolia, E. Oldfieldii, E. Todtiana, E. sepulcralis, H. alpina.) E. atpa.—Leaves broadish, equally dull-green or ashy-grey ; umbels solitary; lid semiglobular, short-pointed ; fruit topshaped-hemispheric, border depressed, valves exserted. E. PLATYPHYLLA.—Leaves often large, cordate or ovate-roundish, long-stalked, equally dull-green ; umbels solitary; stalks short, stalklets almost none ; lid blunt ; fruits small, semiovate, border depressed, valves exserted. (Leiophloie.) E. Doratoxyton.—Leaves opposite, stalked, narrow, acute ; umbels solitary, bent downward ; lid much pointed ; fruit ovate-globular, orifice small, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Leio- phloie.) E. camopHyLia.—Dwarf ; leaves mostly opposite, connate, broad, equally dull-green or ash-grey ; umbels partly panicnlated ; lid patellar; fruits truncate-ellipsoid, border compressed ; fertile seeds membranous-margined. HE. prurwosa.— Leaves opposite, sessile, broad, blunt, equally ash-grey ; umbels terminal, panicu- lated ; lid hemispheric, pointed ; slits of anthers short ; fruits hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. (Rhytiphloie.) E. MELANOPHLOIA.— Leaves opposite, sessile, broad, equally ash-grey ; umbels partly paniculated ; lid semiovate-conical ; fruits small, semiovate, somewhat angular, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. (Schizophloie.) E. DREPANOPHYLLA.—Leaves elongated, equally dull-green ; umbels mostly paniculated ; lid semi- ovate, blunt ; fruts semiovate, angular, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. (Schizo- phloie—Rhytiphloiz.) E. cresra.—Leaves narrom, thin, equally dull-green, veins spreading ; umbels mostly paniculated ; flowers small; lid semiovate-conical ; stigma dilated; fruits small, semiovate, border com- pressed, valves short, somewhat exserted. (Schizophloie.) E, sracoyanpra.—Dwarf; leaves broadish, blunt; umbels paniculated; flowers very small ; stamens extremely short; fruits minute, bellshaped-semiovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. E. Crorzrana.—Leaves thin, much paler beneath; oil-dots pellucid ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets short ; lid hemispheric ; fruit topshaped-semiovate. (Schizophloie.) E. Howrrrrana.—Leaves much paler beneath ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets none ; flowers very small; lid conical, acute, pale; /rudts minute, truncate-globular, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) E. Ravereriana.—Leaves thin, somewhat paler beneath; oil-dots pellucid ; umbels paniculated ; lid conical, acute ; fruits minute, semiglobular beneath, border compressed, valves much exserted. (Rhytiphloiz.) E. microrHeca.—Leaves equally dull- and pale-green ; umbels paniculated ; lid semiovate ; fruits small, semiglobular beneath, border compressed, valves much exserted. (Rhytiphloie.) E. stIpEROPHLOIA.—Leaves elongated, equally green ; umbels partly paniculated ; Ud conical, very acute; outer stamens straight in bud; fruits semiovate, border compressed, valves somewhat exserted. (Schizophloia.) EH. PrancHontana.—Leaves elongated, shining, slightly paler beneath ; umbels solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets short ; lid broadish-cenical, acute ; outer stamens straight in bud ; fruits rather large, semiovate, streaked, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Inophloia.) E. incrassata.— Dwarf; leaves thick, equally light-green, shining ; umbels solitary ; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets almost none; lid nearly hemispheric, pointed or blunt; fruits truncate-ovate, streaked, border compressed, valves acute, enclosed. HE. orn0sa.—Dwarf ; leaves equally light-green ; umbels solitary; stalks slender, stalklets very short ; lid semiovate-conical, pointed; fruits truncate-ovate, neither large nor streaked, border compressed, valves long-pointed, half-exserted. E. cyrorirotia.—Leaves very narron, thick, equally green; umbels solitary ; stalks short, stalklets none ; lid semiovate ; fruits small, semiovate, border depressed, valves slightly exserted. E. satmonopuioia.—Leaves equally green, shining ; oi/-dots copious; umbels solitary; stalks slender, stalklets short ; lid semiovate-conical ; outer stamens straight in bud; fruit small, semi- ovate, border compressed, valves long-pointed, much exserted. (Leiophloiz.) E. prcipruns.—Leaves equally dull-green ; umbels axillary; stalklets none; lid broad-conical ; Sruit semiglobular, border depressed, broadish, valves long-pointed, much exserted. (Rhyti- phloie.) E. patens.— Leaves thin, elongated, almost equally dull-green ; umbels mostly axillary ; id nearly hemispheric; fruits truncate-ovate, somewhat streaked, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) K. piversicotor.—Leaves elongated, much paler beneath; umbels solitary ; lid nearly hemispheric ; fruits truncate-ovate, attenuated at the base, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Leiophloie.) E. pHanicus.—Leaves thin, dull-green; umbels solitary, manyflowered; lid nearly hemispheric ; Jilaments scarlet; ovary two-celled ; fruits urnshaped-ellipsoid, border compressed, valves deeply enclosed. (Lepidophloie.) IV.—_ORTHANTHEREZ. Anthers distinctly longer than broad, from ovate to narrow-oblong, opening by almost parallel slits E. mmzata.—Leaves dull-green, slightly paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels usually solitary ; stalklets almost none; lid conic-hemispheric ; filaments crimson; fruits very large, urnshaped-ovate, bluntly ridged, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Lepidophloiz.) E. prycHocarra.—Leaves large, broadish, acute, much paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels paniculated, stalklets elongated ; lid hemispheric ; filaments crimson ; fruits very large, truncate-ellipsoid, prominently ridged, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds termi- nating in a long membrane. (Pachyphloie.) ——E. ricrrot1a.—Leaves broadish, much paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels panicu- lated ; stalklets elongated; lid patellar, less wide than the calyx-tube, tearing off along an irregular suture; filaments crimson; fruits large, smooth, urnshaped-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds pale, terminating in a long membrane. (Schizophloiz.) — E. catopHytia.—Leaves broad, acute, much paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated ; stalklets elongated ; lid patellar, less wide than the calyx-tube, tearing off along an irregular suture; fruits large, smooth, ovate-urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; Jertile seeds very large, dark, devoid of any terminating membrane. (Schizophloiz.) E. Averciana.—Leaves thick, broadish, acute, much paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels paniculated; stalklets almost none ; lid hemispheric, tearing off along an irregular suture ; fruits large, smooth, ovate-urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds termi- nating in a large membrane. (Rhytiphloie.) EK. Fortscuzana.— Dwarf; leaves large, very broad, thick, greyish-green, hardly paler beneath ; flowers paniculated ; stalklets upward thickened ; Ud patellar, tearing off along an irregular suture, not so wide as the tube of the calyx; fruits large, smooth, ovate-urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds large, terminating in a long membrane. E. tatrrotra.—Leaves long-stalked, broad, equally green; umbels paniculated ; stadklets slender ; Sruit rather small, semiovate, somewhat bellshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds terminating in a membrane. (Leiophloiz.) E. termiatis.—Leaves thick, dull-green, hardly paler beneath; umbels paniculated; stalklets elongated ; lid tearing off along an irregular suture; fruits somewhat large, smooth, urnshaped- ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed; fertile seeds terminating in a long membrane. (Rhytiphloie.) E. conymBosa.—Leaves much paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets elongated ; Ud short, tearing off along an irregular suture ; fruits rather large, smooth, ovate-shaped, border compressed, valves enclosed; fertile seeds terminating in a very short membrane. (Rhytiphloie.), ~ HK. rracnypuLora.—Leaves rather narrow, elongated, slightly paler beneath; umbels paniculated ; lid very small, patellar, tearing off along an irregular suture ; fruits rather small, urnshaped- ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Rhytiphloie.) HE. cLavicera.—Branchlets hairy-rough; leaves partly opposite, broad, equally greyish-green ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets thin, much elongated ; lid patellar, shining ; fruits hemiellipsoid- urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Leiophloie.) E, resseLLaris.—Leaves narrom, elongated, equally green ; umbels mostly paniculated ; stalklets very short ; lid patellar, shining ; fruits truncate-ovate, slightly urceolar, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds almost flat, membranous-margined. (Rhytiphloie—Leiophloie.) E. corynocaLyx.—Leaves shining, somewhat paler beneath ; umbels mostly solitary ; lid almost hemispheric, slightly overreaching the orifice of the calyx; fruits urnshaped-ellipsoid, streaked, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Leiophloie.) E. macutata.—Leaves elongated, equally green ; veins feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated ; stalklets short ; “id double, hemispheric, the inner thin, shining ; fruit truncate-ovate, somewhat urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Leiophloiz.) E. Exmm1a.—Leaves thick, elongated, equally green; umbels paniculated; stalhlets none ; lid thin, hemispheric, shining, imperfectly double; fruit rather large, truncate-ovate, somewhat urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds large. (Rhytiphloie.) HE. Watsontana.— Leaves broadish, equally green; umbels paniculated; Ud thick, depressed- hemispheric, wider than the calyx-tube, shining; fruits large, urnshaped-semiovate, border broad, descendingly depressed, raised above the calyx-tube, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds large. (Rhytiphloie.) HE. pevrata.—Branchlets hairy-rough ; leaves broadish, mostly inserted above their base, equally pale-green ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets very short ; %d double, almost hemispheric, the inner shining ; fruits rather small, truncate-ovate, somewhat urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Lepidophloiz.) KB. Toreniiana.—Branchlets hairy-rough; leaves broadish, paler beneath ; umbels paniculated ; stalks thick ; stalklets almost none; lid nearly hemispheric, shining. (Leiophloie.) BE. serosa. Leaves opposite, broad, sessile, equally dull- and pale-green ; umbels mostly panicu- lated, as well as the branchlets bristly-rough; stalklets elongated; Ud tearing off along an irregular suture, not so wide as the calyx-tube; fruits large, truncate-ovate, somewhat urn- shaped, smooth, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds terminating in a long mem- brane. (Rhytiphloiz.) ~ E. corpata.—Leaves opposite, sessile, mostly cordate, crenulated, equally dull-green ; oil-glands pellucid; umbels solitary; stalklets none; fruits semiovate, border compressed, at the edge annular, valves barely enclosed. (Leiophloiz.) BH. urnicERa.—Leaves scattered, long-stalked, almost lanceolar, crenulated, equally dark-green ; oil-glands pellucid ; umbels solitary ; stalks elongated, stalklets rather short ; fruits ellipsoid- urnshaped, border compressed, at the edge annular, valves deeply enclosed. (Leiophloiz.) sca‘ Coe E. PULVERULENTA.—Leaves opposite, sessile, mostly cordate, equally whitish-grey ; oil-glands pel- lucid ; umbels solitary, three- or few-flowered ; stalklets almost none; fruits small, semiovate- topshaped ; border narrow, depressed, valves small, exserted. (Inophloie.) ~— E. Sruarrrana.—Leaves scattered, stalked, equally dark-green, shining; umbels solitary, few- flowered ; stalklets almost none; lid nearly hemispheric; fruits small, semiovate-topshaped, border narrow, rather convex, valves very small, exserted.. (Inophloiz.) E. vimmnatis.—Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lanceolar, equally green; umbels solitary, mostly three-flowered; stalklets almost none or very short ; lid semiovate, mostly short-pointed ; fruit semiovate, border somewhat convex, valves exserted. (Leiophloie—Rhytiphloie.) J-se ~~ E. rosrrata.—Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lanceolar, equally green ; umbels solitary, with several flowers ; stalks rather elongated, stalklets conspicuous; lid from an hemispheric base sharp-pointed; fruit below semiglobular, border convex, valves exserted. (Leiophloiz.) — E. Tereticornis.— Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lanceolar, equally green; umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalks rather elongated, stalklets conspicuous ; ld mostly elongate-conical ; outer stamens straight in bud; fruits below semiglobular, border convex, valves exserted. (Leiophloiz.) = umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalhklets very short; lid shining, hemispheric, short- pointed ; fruits topshaped-semiovate, border depressed, valves small, slightly exserted. (Leio- phloiee.) ~~ E. Guynu.— Leaves scattered, stalked, thick, broadish-lanceolar, equally dark-green, shining ; « KE. vernicosa.—Dwarf; leaves often very small, mostly ovate, equally dark-green, very shining ; Jlowers I to 3; stalks and stalklets very short; lid shining, short-pointed ; fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves exserted. fr «tle~d E. rupis.—Leaves thin, falcate-lanceolar, equally dull-green ; oil-dots pellucid ; umbels solitary ; stalklets short; lid broad-conical, transverse edge of the calyx prominent in bud; fruits semi- globular-topshaped, border rather convex, valves exserted. (Rhytiphloiz.) KR. repunca.—Leaves equally green; umbels solitary; stalks broadly compressed ; lid conical, acute; fruit hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. (Leiophloiz.) E. rorcunpa.—Leaves narrow, equally green ; umbels mostly solitary; stalks slender ; lid hemi- spheric ; fruit hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves deeply enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) E. satusris.—Leaves thin, equally dark-green ; otl-dots copious, pellucid; umbels solitary , stalks compressed ; lid hemiellipsoid ; fruits semiovate, border depressed, very narrow, valves small, exserted. (Leiophloiz.) ~~ E. sariena.—Leaves much paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels solitary; stalk com- pressed, stalklets very short; lid hemispheric, short-pointed ; fruit semiovate, border depressed, very narrow, valves small, exserted. (Leiophloiz.) — E. resmnirera.—Leaves much paler beneath; veins very spreading ; umbels solitary; stalk com- pressed ; lid conical, acute; fruit semiovate, border depressed, narrow, valves exserted, pointed. (Rhytiphloiz.) HE. punctata.—Leaves paler beneath; veins very spreading, oil-dots pellucid ; umbels partly paniculated; stalks broadly compressed; \id semiovate-conical ; fruit semiovate, border depressed, valves small, barely exserted. (Leiophloie.) » EH. BsotryomEs.—Leaves much paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels solitary; stalk broadly compressed, stalklets almost none ; lid hemispheric; fruit hemiellipsoid, border com- pressed, valves barely enclosed. (Rhytiphloie.) E. Gontocatyx.—Leaves equally green ; umbels solitary, stalk compressed, stalklets very short ; lid -pyramidal-hemispheric; fruct truncate-ovate, angular, border narrow, depressed, valves barely enclosed. (Rhytiphloie—Leiophloiz.) E. rosusta.—Leaves thick, broadish, somewhat paler beneath ; umbels solitary, stalk broadly compressed ; calyces pale, lid semiglobular-conical, broader than the calyx-tube; fruit truncate- ovate, border compressed, valves coherent, barely enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) — E. cornuta.—Leaves equally green; umbels solitary; stalklets almost none, Md very long, upnards cylindrical; filaments yellow, long, straight in bud; fruit bellshaped-semiovate, border depressed, valves very long, awlshaped, coherent. (Rhytiphloiz.) E. occrentaris.—Leaves thick, equally green; umbels solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets short; ld cylindric-conical; stamens straight in bud; fruits bellshaped-semiovate, border depressed, valves exserted, pointed. (Rhytiphloize—Leiophloie.) E. oscorpata.—Leaves thick, broad, blunt, shining ; umbels solitary; stalk very broadly compressed, bent downwards, stalklets none; Ud cylindric-conical, narrower than the tube of the calyx; stamens straight in bud; fruit truncate-ovate, very angular, border compressed, valves slightly exserted. (Leiophloiz.) BE. pacaypopa.—Dwarf; leaves thick, equally green; umbels solitary; stalks thick, very short, stalklets none; lid semiovate ; fruit hemiellipsoid, somewhat angular, border compressed, valves enclosed. KE. eRYTHRONEMA.—Leaves narrow, equally green; oil-dots pellucid ; umbels solitary; stalklets much elongated ; lid conical, filaments red; fruit topshaped, border depressed, valves slightly exserted. E. tonerrot1a.—Leaves elongated, equally green; umbels solitary ; stalklets elongated; calyces pale; lid broad-conical, acute ; fruit rather large, bellshaped-semiovate, angular, border ascendant, valves enclosed. (Rhytiphloiz.) ~~ E. cosmopnyiia.—Dxarf; leaves thick, equally dull-green; umbels solitary; stalk very short, stalklets almost none; lid semiglobular, short-pointed; fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves exserted. HE. mecacarpa.—Leaves equally green; umbels solitary ; stalk broadly compressed, stalklets none ; lid semiglobular, short-pointed ; frat large, almost hemispheric, bordér broad, depressed, valves exserted, blunt, convergent. (Leiophloiz.) —~E. cLosutus.— Leaves thick, elongated, equally green; flowers mostly solitary, stalks and stalklets almost none; lid double, the inner crownshaped; fruit large, hemispheric, warty-rough, angular, border broad, depressed, valves exserted, convergent. (Leiophloiz.) E. aupina.—Leaves very thick, broad, blunt, equally green, shining; umbels solitary or flowers single; stalks and stalklets none; Mid crownshaped, anthers cordate; fruit hemispheric, border depressed, valves exserted. ScetianA . E. compHocerHata.—Leaves thick, shining, slightly paler beneath; wmbels solitary; stalk broadly compressed, stalklets none; d/d broader than the tube of the calyx, almost hemispheric; fruit large, topshaped, border broad, convex, valves exserted, convergent. (Rhytiphloie.) . » KE. Preisstana.—Dwarf; leaves very thick, broadish, blunt, equally green, often opposite; umbels solitary ; stalk broadly compressed, stalklets none; lid nearly hemispheric, jilaments yellon; fruit large, topshaped-semiovate, border very broad, depressed, valves enclosed, blunt, convergent. E. pacHypHyLtaA.—Dwarf ; leaves very thick, broadish, acute, equally green ; umbels solitary ; stalk and statklets very short or none; lid semiovate-pyramidal, pointed; filaments yellow; fruit topshaped-hemispheric below, very angular, border broad, ascending, valves slightly exserted ; fertile seeds membranously margined. E. pyrirormis.—Dwarf; leaves thick, equally green, umbels solitary ; fowers very large, calyces wrinkled, lid hemispheric, pointed; filaments red or yellow; fruit very large, topshaped- hemispheric, angular, border very broad, ascending, valves slightly exserted; fertile seeds membranously margined. - EE. macrocarpa.—Dwarf; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-cordate, equally whitish-grey; flowers solitary, very large; stalk and stalklets almost none; lid semiovate-conical; filaments red; fruit very large, topshaped-hemispheric ; border broad, convex; valves exserted; fertile seeds membranously margined. E. teTraprera.—Dwarf; leaves very thick, equally green, shining ; flowers solitary, stalk broadly compressed, bent downward; stalklets none; calyx-tube quadrangular, slightly 4-toothed, broader than the pyramidal lid; filaments red, anthers purplish; fruit very large, bellshaped- quadrangular, border depressed, valves enclosed. -- E. rerropoyta.—Leaves opposite, elongated, equally dull-green; umbels solitary, stalklets very short; calyx-tube conspicuously 4-toothed, lid hemispheric, discal expansion raised; fruit bell- shaped-semiovate, angular, border compressed, valves enclosed. (Inophloie.) » « E. opoytocarpa—Dwarf; leaves mostly opposite, very narrow, equally green; umbels solitary ; stalklets very short; calyx-tube 4-toothed, lid patellar; fruit small, hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves enclosed. ~ E. svuprsmioiwes.—Dwarf; leaves opposite or scattered, rather narrow, equally green; umbels solitary ; stalk slender, stalklets very short; calyx-tube almost toothless ; lid patellar; stamens forming four bundles ; fruit truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed; seeds membra- nously margined. ~ KE. rerracona.—Dwarf; leaves thick, opposite, broad, equally whitish-grey ; umbels solitary ; stalk compressed ; calyx-tube slightly 4-toothed ; lid patellar ; stamens forming four bundles ; fruit rather large, truncate-ovate, angular, border compressed, valves enclosed ; seeds much membranously margined. : E. erytHrocorys.—Dwarf ; leaves thick, elongated, mostly opposite, equally green ; umbels soli- tary or flowers single; stalk compressed, stalklets none; calyx-tube quadrangular, slightly 4-toothed ; lid depressed, red; stamens forming four bundles, filaments yellow ; fruit very large, bellshaped-hemispheric, border very broad, somewhat ascendant, valves barely enclosed. The characteristics of aberrant forms of any species are not covered by this synopsis. GEOGRAPHIC SCHEDULE. I.-RENANTHERES. - Eucalyptus pauciflora S.A. E. stellulata _— ~ E. amygdalina ... E. eugenioides ... . piperita . pilularis . acmenoides ... stricta angustissima obliqua Oldfieldii santalifolia ... capitellata ... macrorrhyncha hemastoma Sieberiana ... microcorys ... marginata ... Baileyana Todtiana . buprestium ... . Sepuleralis ... eeees | be dd dad td df od ft a 4 Pete ia et ia; eri se > Pp we, wen tar te bIbbbBE (JP PRSE TRE ies Pritt a43 >> b II.—PORANTHERESX. pn > Eucalyptus paniculata ... E. Leucoxylon ... ~ E. melliodora ... . polyanthema ochrophloia gracilis uncinata odorata largiflorens ... hemiphloia ... . Behriana . populifolia ... biel PRP bbb eM fe ed db a aa ee see RNRRRRMN m mM Sa hacer | III.-STRONGYLANTHEREZS. Eucalyptus alba E. platyphylla ... . Doratoxylon . gamophylla pruinosa melanophloia drepanophylla crebra are brachyandra Cloeziana Howittiana ... Raveretiana microtheca ... siderophloia Planchoniana incrassata oleosa sa cneorifolia ... salmonophloia decipiens patens . diversicolor .. . pheenicea 1d | a > I fe ded dt at ad dt at ad dt ad Fl dole Wedd v7) lle 44 eS DAA ed EP] naw Pee Pld | | pa 1 = ete tee ITN ig A444 | | A AAZAAAAA Rnnnmnnn | 2! 22422224 PE eae ey Anza | | | Beet Illi 1148844) 411 | 4444s 444234 LI 1SlOlSlSl lll leeet tt i ee | 2B] Rrwnninin 44 34828233 | S25 sal S55 2 AA AAAAAAA we a | ©|66! | || | ee a Mb A | w PAN AA), Az Zz 4 > ZAAAA tn tain cn ta Milli | goad ee ec ee PITT ttre ILI LLL 1 eeeeee | ©8868] | &© A ee Eu E 7 4 ry » ’ Pe ed el bd fet et ed tl ad to dd dt dd a dd dt ld dl Ee ld dt ad td tt ot calyptus miniata . ptychocarpa ficifolia . calophylla Abergiana Foelscheana terminalis corymbosa ... aspera me trachyphloia tessellaris ... clavigera latifolia corynocalyx maculata Watsoniana eximia peltata Torelliana setosa cordata urnigera ulverulenta tuartiana ... vininalis rostrata tereticornis ... Gunnii vernicosa rudis redunca foecunda salubris saligna resinifera punctata ... botryoides ... goniocalyx ... robusta cornuta “ occidentalis .. obcordata caesia sey erythronema longifolia : pachypoda ... cosmophylla megacarpa ... globulus alpina se gomphocephala Preissiana ... pachyphylla pyriformis ... macrocarpa ... tetraptera tetrodonta ... odontocarpa eudesmioides tetragona . erythrocorys IV._-ORTHANTHERES. W.A. = /- W.A. = = WA S.A. ae an S.A. - = S.A. ae a = T. = = T. = S.A. T. a SA. T. wa 62 aia = S.A. T. = ea T. WA = = WA = - WA. = = WA = = obs S.A. = WAL = = WA. = = Wa, = Wid, = ie WA. = = WA. — = de S.A. a W.A. = = wes = T. W.A. = a W.a. = = nes SA. ee WA $A. Ee Wa = me Wa es = Wa = = Wd = = wa ms = t i ee A PITAL PETS ac AZ ra A |) 7 § wn 2 ee ee AA AAA nnn ath ys Ant 444444 AAA AA Ln ininint ve tld Led ee 4 Pl sbab keel ora AAAaA4 |2 PIPE TELL LIL lelSelSel LL lee] | | | leee| £6| 6666| £6|6| | Reese eeeeeeene Ree A ‘a rit c~— Cider Gum-tree er Applescented Gum-tree ... Ash, Moreton Bay... »» Mountain Bangalay Bembil oe , Biall... eis ee Aer Binnak an Blackbutt-tree Black Sallee Bloodwood-tree i Mountain... ~~ Blue Gum-tree ~ Box-tree 35 Bastard =a Grey a6 Poplar = Red 35 Shining 35 White 55 Yellow - But But Callaille Lies Ta ata bale Coolybah Corang INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. Eucalyptus Stuartiana, .. E. tessellaris. .E, amygdalina, E. goniocalyx, E. Sieberiana. .. E. botryoides. .. E. populifolia. E. rostrata. .. E. botryoides. .. E, hemastoma, E, patens, E. pilu- laris. .. E. stellulata. .. E. corymbosa, E. trachyphloia. E. eximia. .. E. globulus, E. goniocalyx, E. hemastoma, E. megacarpa, E. tudis, E. saligna. _E, hemiphloia, E. largiflorens, E. microtheca, E. odorata, . E. goniocalyx, ‘E, polyanthema, « KE, tereticornis. . goniocalyx, E. polyanthema. . populifolia. . polyanthema. populifolia. hemiphloia. melliodora. Stuartiana. microtheca. . Gunnii. microtheca. . tessellaris. ~ Crimsonflowered Gunn: — 5B. ficifolia. Dadangba ... fe > E. robusta. Dargan wis Bn ..} E. melliodora. Den-tree ... E. polyanthema. Flooded Gum- ios .. E, decipiens, E. rudis} E. saligna, Fluted Gum-tree ... — Giant Gum-tree Gimlet Gum-tree ... Greenbarked Gum-tree Grey Gum-tree Gumtop-tree E .. E, salubris. ~ E E - EK. tereticornis. . salubris. . amygdalina, . stellulata. . crebra, E. Raveretiana, E. saligna, E> tereticornis. ... E. Sieberiana. ‘ 35. robusta. Gunnung Hickory . E. punctata. Honeyscented Eucalypt USE. melliodora. Tlumba .. E. tessellaris. Tronbark-tree a Red ... ne 33 Redflowered... ue Silverleaved ar Tron-Gum-tree Jarrah Karri See eee .. E. erebra, E. Leucoxylon, E. paniculata, E, E. Sieberiana. » paniculata. . Leucoxylon. . pruinosa. Raveretiana. . Marginata, . diversicolor. siderophloia, Kino-Eucalypt “SE. resinifera, E. siderophloia. .. E. punctata. Lemonscented Gum-tree..\E. maculata. Leather Jacket Maalo ‘ilatiegatig’ da * Bastard’ ae Forest ... 8 Red 93 Swamp a White ... Mallee Manna-Gum-tree ... Messmate-tree Muzzlewood-tree ... Narulgun Ooragmandee Peppermint-tree ... ™ Red Gum-tree Salmonbarked Gum-tree... .. E. obcordata. .. E. marginata. .. E. botryoides. .. E. microcorys, E> resinifera. .. XE. resinifera. .»E. robusta. ... H. acmenoides, ... E. gracilis, E. incrassata, E. oleosa, E. uncinata. .S E, viminalis. aE. amygdalina, E> obliqua. .. E. stellulata. .. E. hemiphloia. ... E. foecunda. . E. amygdalina, E. odorata, E. piperita. ..E. calophylla, EXrostrata, E. \ tereticornis. E. salmonophloia. Scarlet-flowered Gum-tree. E. miniata, E. pheenicea. Spearwood-tree _... Spotted Gum-tree... Woollybutt-tree ... Yandee Yangoora ... Yate >, Flat-topped ... Yathoo Yellow Jacket Yerrick York Gum-tree Yowut PEERS ESS .. E. doratoxylon. .. E. goniocalyx, E. hemastoma, ~ E. maculata. Stringybark-tree ... .. E. capitellata, E. macrorrhyn cha, E.\ obliqua, E> piperita, E. tetrodonta. oa Silverleaved. E. pulverulenta. 35 White .. E. eugenioides, E. piperita. Sugary Eucalypt ... . E. corynocalyx. [~~ Swamp Gum-tree ... NE. amygdalina, E> Gunnii, E. rudis. Tangoon ... E. microtheca, Tee .. ... E. microcorys. Tones ... E. gomphocephala. Turpentine- Bacal . E. pulverulenta. Wandoo : ... E. redunea. Wangara . E. amygdalina. Wangee fe ... E. microcorys. White Gum-tree ... ‘s E, amygdalina, E. goniocalyx, E. hemastoma, E. Leucox- ylon, HE. paniculata, E. pauciflora, E. redunca, E. * saligna, E. viminalis. . longifolia. . foecunda. » macrorrhyncha, E. piperita. cornuta. occidentalis. microtheca. ochrophloia, E. peltata. Leucoxylon, . foecunda (E. loxophleba). . Sieberiana. INDEX OF CONTENTS OF DECADES I—X. DECADE I. Eucalyptus Abergiana, F. v. M. Eucalyptus pachyphylla, F. v. M. erythrocorys, F. v. M. pheenicea, F. v. M. goniocalyx, F. v. M. Raveretiana, F. v. M. Leucoxylon, F. v. M. ——~ resinifera, Smith. macrorrhyncha, F. v. M. (with anatomic plate). tetrodonta, F. v. M. DHMCADE It. Eucalyptus alpina, Lindley. Eucalyptus microcorys, F. v. M. corynocalyx, F. v. M. ~ odorata, Behr. hemastoma, Smith. ~ saligna, Smith. : longifolia, Link. ! Sieberiana, F. v. M. melliodora, Cunningham. tetraptera, Turczaninow (with plate of anther-sections). DHCADE Iii. Eucalyptus Baileyana, F. v. M. Eucalyptus pauciflora, Sieber. capitellata, Smith. pilularis, Smith. gracilis, F. v. M. — piperita, Smith. maculata, Hooker. polyanthema, Schauer. ~ obliqua, lHeritier. populifolia, Hooker (with plate of anther-sections). DECADE Iv. Eucalyptus alba, Reinwardt. Eucalyptus Planchoniana, F. v. M. botryoides, Smith. — rostrata, Schlechtendal (with anatomic plate). clavigera, Cunningham. siderophloia, Bentham. Doratoxylon, F. v. M. ~ Stuartiana, F. v. M. —- Gunnii, J. Hooker. - uncinata, Turczaninow. DECADE V. — Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labillardictre. Eucalyptus incrassata, Labillardicre. corymbosa, Smith. largiflorens, F. v. M. crebra, F. v. M. paniculata, Smith. diversicolor, F. v. M. ptychocarpa, F. v. M. (with anatomic plate). 4¢ oy tek hemiphloia, F. v. M. trachyphloia, F. v. M. DECADE VI. Eucalyptus buprestium, F. v. M. Eucalyptus peltata, Bentham. =~. globulus, Labillardiére (with anatomic plate). punctata, Candolle. megacarpa, F. v. M. setosa, Schauer. miniata, Cunningham. stellulata, Sieber. occidentalis, Endlicher. tetragona, F. v. M. DECADE VII. Eucalyptus Behriana, F. v. M. (with anatomic plate). Eucalyptus obcordata, Turczaninow —- cosmophylla, F. v. M. Oldfieldii, F. v. M. — ficifolia, F. v. M. oleosa, F. v. M. gomphocephala, Candolle. — robusta, Smith. marginata, Smith. Watsoniana, F. v. M. DECADE VIII. ~ Eucalyptus cordata, Labillardiére. Eucalyptus pruinosa, Schauer. erythronema, Turczaninow. —K pulverulenta, Sims, gamophylla, F. v. M. pyriformis, Turczaninow. ™ macrocarpa, Hooker. santalifolia, F. v. M. Preissiana, Schauer (with sections of fruits). sepulcralis, F. v. M. DECADE Ix. ~ Eucalyptus cornuta, Labillardiére (with plate of seedlings), | Eucalyptus salmonophloia, F. v. M. eximia, Schauer. salubris, F. v. M. Foelscheana, F. v. M. — tereticornis, Smith. Howittiana, F. v. M. tessellaris, F. v. M. patens, Bentham. Todtiana, F. v. M. DECADE X. Eucalyptus acmenoides, Schauer. Eucalyptus microtheca, F. v. M. (with anatomic plate). — calophylla, R. Brown. redunca, Schauer. decipiens, Endlicher. rudis, Endlicher. eugenioides, Sieber. stricta, Sieber. foecunda, Schauer. ~ viminalis, Labillardiére. ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO DECADES I—X. es ae Decade. ay be i 4,0 at ; Decade. / Eucalyptus Abergiana ... ies are 1 2 SSEucalyptus obcordata **hn2% (1. & f 7 k Los. acmenoides 10 4g -£ f obliqua ~ ea 3 . Or. alba : 4 129 yc occidentalis 6 ‘3 Q/ + }¢ alpina pie | ae f er 2 Pio 2 33° odorata 2 Ff, @3 amygdalina |... tee 0) 1 hh BE Lay Oldfieldii 7 4) Baileyana a ae dust Nee 3 159 oleosa ... 7 74) Behriana 7 i pachyphylla 1 ns 43 - botryoides 4 103 paniculata 5 4°9. — buprestium 6 J 93 patens ... 9 &e 2o%. calophylla 10 SY je —~ pauciflora as quae BAe Z Bo fas 43 - eapitellata 3 13! peltata... %. fy: \ L ppananlee 6 athe Sts ~ 6s clavigera re ere er 4 } 3 pheenicea 1 fe 165- ~ cordata 8 53 pilularis 6 tw ‘ os S- — cornuta 9 at piperita 3 + ie) Orne hy b . corymbosa, 5 Ya J 4 Planchoniana : 4 y 23 ~ — corynocalyx 2 > 7 polyanthema (wai ltt) we ce 3 ° R 443. cosmophylla 7 59 populifolia d 3 9) crebra ... 5 ! Vk 3 — Preissiana a 8 209 decipiens 10 ) Z S pruinosa fog beh * “f\ de. Sea Es8 9 3 - diversicolor! _ va ia: “ 5 10S ~ ptychocarpa wf Juve 5 : 64 Doratoxylon -* ... a 'T? £ pulverulenta- 3...) poe te BB hLce. 2 erythrocorys ... ssi¢ zi 1 133 punctata wigs 6 F 16 7 : erythronema im id ve 8 7 yi pyriformis v.66. jac ea atke 8 OS}: eugenioides 10 ) ZI . Raveretiana 1 l 87 eximia ... a oe e% 9 al 9 1c redunca 10 & A a5 eae x / L 1, income : - 7 oecunda Sadi pee ees 16/ robusta “@r47e ), Aten, a ea 189 Foelscheatay boss oo Ne ieee Be aD. 7 3 —~ rostrata 4 K Echt utc 1 69 gamophylla |.) us vee gp yy 8 TQy rudis 10 f17 ~globulus i ~ 6 aes saligna ... 2 2 K 147 gomphocephala ... 7 198 salmonophloia 9 7. eo - goniocalyx 1 ! j 4 salubris 9 R AS gracilis ... 3 yay santalifolia si 8 $9 -~ Gumii ... 4 123 sepuleralis ral Ss 25 - hemastoma 2 13S BELOSA wes Tee hae ERR Be 6 bias). 9 i Hewpllow, 5 v | Pi 5 siderophloia 4 7 3 4. Howittiana pM Joe 9 KS vs Sieberiana 2 R 9 q : incrassata = * 710° 0° ND 5 13 7 stellulata 6 Joy; largiflorens 5 223/ stricta ... 10 K : . Leucoxylon 1 7 9 - Stuartiana 4 27 longifolia ‘ew ... wy OR 2 Ld 1% tereticornis 9 -,. he / 2 ! macrocarpa 8 Qo tessellaris : 9 ie 9 macrorrhyncha ... 41 J 39 tetragona Grea. Pe 6 @ 4 7 maculata 3 L3 rl : tetraptera . 2 1% 2 marginata 7. ( 0 ' tetrodonta fou ihahid 388 Bees 1 y) ass megacarpa 6 203 Todtiana 9 6 29 . melliodora |. etry) ee lS : 2 /o ‘4 trachyphloia 5 te 37 microcorys ; 2 Os - uncinata ve sey = 4 » 2/5 — microtheca 10 PAS. viminglis ee evi o yo, 10 bapa miniata 6 163 Watsoniana ‘ 7 ee eee EUCALYPTOGRAPHIA. A DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS KUCALYPTS OF AUSTRALIA ADJOINING ISLANDS; BARON FERD. VON MUELLER, K.CMLG., M. & PHD, ERS, GOVERNMENT BOTANIST FOR THE COLONY OF VICTORIA. “‘NON SUCCIDES ARBORES, NEC SECURIBUS DEBES VASTARE EARUM REGIONEM.”—Liber Deuteronomii xx. 19. FIRST DECADE. MELBOURNE : ‘ERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. ISHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITTLE COLLINS ST T, LONDON : TRUBNER AND CO, 57 AND 69 LUDGATE HILL; AND GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE. Steam Litho Cov. Printing Office Melb. direxit FviM gucalyptus Ab ith = Troedel & C a €. aft Ted. ama. Avis >) orgs EUCALYPTUS ABERGIANA. F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie xi. 142 (1878). Finally very tall ; deaves scattered, of thick consistence, oval- or elongated-lanceolar, hardly inequilateral, shining above, opaque beneath ; the lateral veins copious subtle and very spreading, the longitudinal vein almost contiguous to the margin of the leaves or but slightly removed from the edge ; panicles terminal ; flowerstalks thick, almost cylindrical, the ultimates bearing 2-6 flowers on exceedingly short or without stalklets; calyces pale, their tube truncate-ovate nearly twice as long as the almost hemispheric lid, not angular; stamens all or nearly all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; anthers oval, with nearly longitudinal dehiscence ; stigma very slightly dilated ; fruits large, oval-urnshaped, smooth, with a thin margin and with four enclosed at first horizontal valves ; fertile seeds expanding from their summit into a long membrane, much longer than the slender sterile seeds. On the mountains near Rockingham-Bay ; Dallachy. A lofty tree, with persistent bark and very expanding branches. Heart-wood very hard, reddish. Branchlets in some instances slender and somewhat ‘angular, in other cases thick and cylindrical. Leafstalks 3-1} inches long. Leaves measuring 2}—4 inches in length or occasionally longer, rarely shortened to an almost oval : form, 1-2 inches broad, often very gradually narrowed upwards, blunt at the base. Panicle almost corymbous ; its ultimate flowerstalks generally about 1 inch long, as well as the branchlets pale, not shining. The unopened calyces eggshaped, their very blunt and rather thick lid rather separating by a horizontal rupture than by a well defined suture of circumcision ; the tube in flowering state about 4 an inch long, sometimes subsequently slightly turbinate. <A few of the outer stamens occasionally devoid of anthers ; filaments according to the note of the collector whitish in a fresh state, but reddish-yellow when dry ; the longer filaments 4-5 lines long. Anthers hardly 4 a line long; their cells separated by a broad connective. Style half included within the calyx, exceeded by the stamens. Fruit 1 inch long or somewhat longer, not angular ; the valves deltoid-shaped, hardly $ inch long. Fertile seeds very compressed, terminated by a semioval membrane, giving a length of about 4 inch for the whole seed including the appendage. This stately species is dedicated to a Swedish physician, Ernest Aberg, M.D., Ch.M., who subjected in the La Plata States many Eucalypts to test-culture, and published a meritorious work on the importance of these trees for wood-supply in the Argentine Republic “ Irrigacion y Eucalyptus,” Buenos-Aires, 1874. E. Abergiana approaches in its affinity to E. ptychocarpa (F. M., in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society iii. 90), with which it agrees in the size and shape of its fruit, but the latter is in no way lined with prominent longitudinal ridges, nor are the flowers provided with conspicuous stalklets.—H. miniata differs in narrower leaves opaque on both sides, axillary solitary flowerstalks, longitudinally angular calyces, longer anthers, larger fruits and seeds without any appendage—E. Watsoniana (F. M., fragm. phytogr. Austr. x. 98) again recedes in narrower leaves equally colored on either side, calyces with a varnish-lustre and fixed to distinct stalklets, a widely dilated lid, which overreaches the orifice of the calyx-tube, longer stamens, fruits wider at the summit with a furrowed broader rim and unappendiculated seeds.—H. corym- bosa, which likewise occurs as far north as Rockingham-Bay, is separated by its narrower leaves acute at the base, angular and more slender flowerstalks, smaller calyces provided with stalklets and not pale-colored, a thinner and not obtuse lid, which separates by a distinct suture of the EUCALYPTUS ABERGIANA. calyx, smaller fruits more contracted upwards and the lesser appendage of the seeds.—E. termi- nalis (F. M., in Journ. of Proceed. of the Linnean Society iii. 89) is distinguished in a similar manner from E. Abergiana as E. corymbosa, except the seeds, but besides in the paler foliage, the leaves being of equal color on both sides, necessitating stomata on each and not merely on the underside as in H. Abergiana ; thus also the latter, like all the species with only hypogenous stomata, forms a more shady tree, its leaves expanding more horizontally, whereas HE. terminalis like the majority of its congeners turns its leaves more vertically. Expranation oF Anatytic Dztaits.—l, longitudinal section of unexpanded flower; 2, back-, front- and side-view of a stamen; 3, style and stigma; 4 and 5, transverse and longitudinal section of fruit; 6 and 7, fertile and sterile seeds ; 8, portion of a leaf; all moderately but variously magnified. C- amp C Troedel & has hf yt 3./ V, aS ta NL OCOL diver a, ‘ft py! ee » Ry fa) fw “ aa c = ee ic) 3 rr % EUCALYPTUS ERYTHROCORYS. F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii, 83 (1860); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 258. Shrubby or finally arborescent ; branchlets robust, angular ; Jeaves opposite or some scattered, elongate-lanceolar, slightly curved, their lateral vein moderately spreading, copious and prominent, the intramarginal vein slightly removed from the edge; stalks axillary, thick, compressed- angular, bearing one to three flowers; stalklets hardly any; calyces large, their tube obverse- pyramidal and quadrangular as well as marked with prominent irregular longitudinal lines or furrows, produced into four blunt teeth; lid red, very depressed, lined by four prominent ridges in the form of a cross, wrinkled, considerably shorter than the tube of the calyx and often slightly broader ; stamens yellow, forming four parcels; anthers cordate-oval, opening by longitudinal slits ; stigma hardly broader than the style; frudt very large, bellshaped-hemispherical, 4-celled, at the margined summit first ascending then flat and at the deltoid red valves impressed ; placental axis about twice as long as broad; sterile seeds partly narrow; fertile seeds without any mem- branous appendage. In stony undulating bushy country between the Jrwin-River and Shark-Bay, rather rare. Quite an ornamental bush, bearing as even remarkable to the aborigines the name “ Illyarie.” Leaves shining, equally green on both pages, 83-7 inches long, in their widest portion 3-1 inch broad, very gradually narrowed into the acute apex. Flowerstalks attaining seldom above one inch in length, sometimes shorter. Whole calyx nearly an inch in length; lid almost twice as broad as high, sometimes raised into a short knob at the centre. Bundles of stamens emerging from four protruding lobes of the disk. Filaments sometimes purplish. Fruit measuring from nearly 14 to 2 inches, with 12 longitudinal angular elevations, these ternately convergent at the summit ; valves rather shorter than the convex interstice between them and the margin of the calyx. Fertile seeds much broader than most of the sterile seeds. Flowers and fruits occur of greater size than those delineated on this occasion. This species, on account of the stamens united into four bundles alternating with the four teeth of the calyx, belongs to the section Eudesmia, which R. Brown regarded as a distinct genus. It differs widely from the few other species of that section in the large size of its flowers and fruits, in the shape and coloration of the lid as well as in the very broad expansion of the summit of its fruit, irrespective of some less conspicuous differences. Specific name from the red tinge of the operculum. Exrianation oF AnaLytic Dzraits.—l1, longitudinal section of unexpanded flower; 2, expanded flowers seen from above; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of anther; 5, style with stigma; 6, longitudinal section of fruit; 7, transverse section of fruit; 8, sterile seeds; 9, fertile seeds; 10, embryo. It may be of some interest to observe, that though the pollen-grains of all Eucalypts hitherto thus far examined are when moistened uniformly tetrahedral and smooth, they differ considerably as regards size in various species. The annexed series of measurements, elaborated under my direction by Mr. Rummel, proves already, that the pollen-grains of some Eucalypts may exceed those of others nearly thrice in diametric width, and still greater discrepancies may exist within the genus ; such may perhaps aid occasionally in the discrimination of different species. How far such measurements may fluctuate in the same species needs yet further to be traced out, but it is not likely to vary much in each particular kind of Eucalypt. ficifolia Doratoxylon erythrocorys Preissiana Watsoniana miniata macrocarpa conoidea perfoliata salubris tetraptera concolor Lehmanni cornuta occidentalis grossa, pachyloma rudis pytiformis longifolia diversicolor botryoides gomphocephala hdd ae dd bode ded eed EUCALYPTUS ERYTHROCORYS. MEASUREMENT OF POLLEN-GRAINS OF EUCALYPTS. Eucalyptus calophylla = *00130 inch = ‘0330 millimeter ‘00130 inch ‘00115 inch = -0292 millimeter 00115 inch 00105 inch = ‘0268 millimeter 00105 inch 00105 inch ‘00105 inch ‘00105 inch ‘00105 inch ‘00105 inch ‘00105 inch ‘00105 inch 00105 inch ‘00105 inch ‘00100 inch = ‘0254 millimeter ‘00100 inch ‘00090 inch = :0229 millimeter ‘00090 inch 00090 inch ‘00090 inch ‘00090 inch “00090 inch ‘00090 inch goniantha dumosa decurva buprestium marginata macrandra robusta pellita resinifera redunca incrassata decipiens tetragona saligna goniocalyx uncinata loxophleba salmonophloia foecunda patens Drummondi Cloéziana endesmiodes Eucalyptus micranthera = ida deed de det beet dda eg ‘00090 inch ‘00090 inch 00090 inch ‘00090 inch -00080 inch = ‘0203 millimeter ‘00080 inch ‘00080 inch ‘00080 inch ‘00080 inch ‘00080 inch ‘00080 inch 00080 inch *00080 inch ‘00070 inch = ‘0178 millimeter ‘00070 inch ‘00070 inch 00070 inch 00070 inch 00070 inch 00070 inch 00070 inch ‘00070 inch ‘00060 inch = ‘0152 millimeter ‘00050 inch = ‘0128 millimeter C Troede] Af? imp, Feron von Mueller direx ' ¢ EUCALYPTUS GONIOCGALYX. (> F. v. M., in Nederlandisk Kruitkundig Archiey iv. 184 (1859); Fragmenta phytographize Australie ii. 48 ; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 229 ; E. eleophora, F. v. M. 1. ¢. iv. 52. The Spotted Gum-tree of Victoria. Finally very tall; leaves scattered, elongate- or sickle- shaped-lanceolar, rarely verging into a more oval form, of equal color on both sides, rather opaque or not strongly shining ; oil-pores much concealed or transparent ; veins thin, moderately spreading, the intramarginal vein somewhat removed from the edge; flowerstalks broadly compressed, axillary, solitary, exceptionally panicled, bearing 4—7 seldom fewer flowers ; calyces without or on very short stalklets, conspicuously angular ; lid pyramidal- or conical-hemispheric, about half as long as the obconical- or oval-cylindrical tube, or rarely the lid fully as long as the tube or occasionally even three times shorter ; stamens all fertile, inflexed while unexpanded ; anthers almost oval, upwards slightly dilated and at the summit truncated, opening with longi- tudinal slits ; stigma not broader than the apex of the style ; fruits truncate- or semi-ovate, 3- or less frequently 4-celled, lined by 2-4 more or less prominent angles ; valves deltoid, inserted very near the narrow margin of the orifice, enclosed or less often semi-exserted ; seeds without any appendage, the sterile mostly narrower than the fertile seeds. In low or hilly woodlands up to about 3,000 feet, intermixed with other Eucalypts, scattered from the vicinity of Portland-Bay and from the Wimmera, Pyrenees, the Upper Avoca and Loddon eastward, extending thus to the Gellibrand- Ovens- and Hume-Rivers, advancing south to Cape Otway and Wilson’s Promontory, through Gippsland to Twofold Bay and also into New South Wales as far as Braidwood, in the latter locality noted by Mr. Wilkinson, and there in granite-country. This tree attains in rich forest-valleys a height of 300 feet (Falck, Walter), with a stem- diameter not altogether rarely up to 6 feet, exceptionally even of 10 feet (Boyle) ; but where it is of much lower growth the stem (according to Mr. G. W. Robinson) may branch out from comparatively near the ground. As regards the nature of the bark it fluctuates between Hemiphloie and Leiophloie ; in the latter case the tree passes among the woodmen as Blue and White Gum-tree, in the other case as Grey or Bastard Box. Local colonists have bestowed many other perplexing vernacular names on this species of tree, and thus in East Gippsland it is the Mountain-Ash. The bark where persistent on the stem is thick, but not fibrous. The above quoted synonym pertains to the variety with more persistent bark. The wood is hard and tough, usually free from kino-veins, varies from a pale-yellowish to a brownish color, is exceedingly durable and also lasting long underground, not warping and on account of the interwoven woody fibres almost as difficult to split as that of EH. rostrata. It is much esteemed by wheelwrights, particularly for spokes (Falck), in ship- and boat-building, for railway-ties ; when not eligible for better purposes it is sought for good fuel. According to Mr. Boyle the rough-barked variety from low dry and stony ranges supplies a timber, which wheelwrights consider equal to Ironbark, with the advantage of its not being so weighty ; the taller mountain-variety with smoother bark is more used for planks, piles and general building purposes, the timber also in this instance being more durable, than that from wet forest-valleys, such as the Musk-tree gullies of Gippsland, to which this species descends, also attaining there a height of 300 feet on the testimony of Mr. Howitt. The average width of the vascular tubes is 0-12 mm. ; their walls are thin, and parenchyma-cells often approach them ; the woody fibres are somewhat flattened, moderately thickened and up to 0°02 mm. broad. The medullary rays are EUCALYPTUS GONIOCALYX. very numerous, consisting of one or two rows of short cells. I find this in accordance with observations by Dr. Josef Moeller. The leaves on young plants and on adventitious shoots exceed sometimes a foot in length. Young seedlings have heartshaped- ot oval-roundish opposite sessile leaves, often much paler beneath than above, but their stem is not quadrangular. In rare instances the stalklets of the flowers become somewhat elongated. I found the lid sometimes double, the outer one being fugacious. The fruit occurs not rarely of double the size of that delineated on the plate. A pair of connate bracts covers cap-like the very young flower-cluster. The specific name was derived from the particularly angular calyx. E. goniocalyx differs from E. albens (Miquel, in Nederl. Kruitk. Archiev iv. 138) in less persistent darker more deeply wrinkled or fissurated bark, the not usually pale hue of the foliage, mostly narrower leaves with thinner and less spreading veins, very compressed flowerstalks, umbels only exceptionally not all solitary, shorter and rather less pointed lid, somewhat larger and not almost globular anthers with longer slits, more angular fruit not almost always 4-celled, nor the valves so deeply inserted. It is separated from E. viminalis in the veins of the leaves less crowded and less divergent, in strongly compressed stalks with usually more than three flowers, in the angular calyx with upwards more gradually attenuated lid, longer tube of the calyx, the more elongated fruit not extended into an emerging broad rim, valves not usually four in number nor as a rule fully exserted. From E. capitellata it recedes in its bark not being very fibrous, in usually less shining foliage, leaves with finer veins, distinctly angular calyx, anthers rather obverse- than renate-heartshaped, thus upwards but not downwards dilated, fruit-calyx more elongated and usually narrower with a neither protruding nor convex rim, so that the valves cannot rise from the vertex. From E. botryoides it is discernible by its less extensively persistent bark, by leaves not darker green above than beneath, with less numerous and less transverse veins and with a different distribution of the stomata and by a more gradually acute lid, but it bears close resemblance to E. botryoides in its head-like umbels on flat two-edged stalks and likewise much in the form as well as in the structure of the fruit, though the valves are not so often four and perhaps never five in number and generally nearer the summit. This is one of the most deserving of Eucalypts for forest-culture. Expianation oF Anatytic Deratts.—l, unexpanded calyx in two forms, outer lid of one detached; 2, longi- tudinal section of flowerbud; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of a stamen; 5, style with stigma; 6, longitudinal section of fruit; 7 and 9, transverse section of young and old fruit; 8, young fruit seen from above; 10, seeds; 11, embryo; 12 and 13, transverse section of wood ; the two latter respectively 60 and 220 times magnified; the other figures very moderately but variously enlarged. C Troedel &0° imp Area Pyar Moeller FR Austen del & Lith EUCALYPTUS LEUCOXYLON. F. v. M., in the Transactions of the Victorian Institute i. 33 (1854); Miquel, in Nederlandisk Kruitkundig Archiev iv. 126 (1859) ; F.v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 60 (1860) ; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii, 210 (1866). The Victorian Ironbark-tree. Finally tall ; leaves scattered, narrow-lanceolar and somewhat sickleshaped, rarely oblong-lanceolar, of equal either greyish- or dull-green on both sides, not usually shining, on moderately long or rather short stalks, their veins neither very spreading nor very numerous, the marginal vein distinctly removed from the edge; pellucid oil-dots rather copious ; flowers on each axillary or lateral stalk usually three or sometimes 4—5, rarely 6-11, the umbels occasionally slightly paniculate ; calyx on a slender stalklet, wrinkled by exsiccation, its tube semiovate or broadly obverse-conical, about as long as the gradually short-pointed lid; outer stamens destitute of anthers; filaments pale-yellow, rarely pink, rather thick and somewhat glandular ; anthers very minute, nearly as broad as long, upwards dilated, opening towards the summit with short slits ; style comparatively long ; stigma dilated; fruit semiovate, 4—7-celled, not or very rarely angular ; rim strongly compressed or seldom slightly flat ; valves short, quite enclosed ; fertile seeds finely net-veined, as well as the much narrower sterile seeds usually very small and without any expanding membrane. Dispersed from South-Queensland through New South Wales to many parts of our colony and thence westward to Spencer’s Gulf. This is the Ironbark-tree of Victoria and many districts of New South Wales, but also the White Gum-tree of South Australia, where already in 1847 I bestowed the specific name on this Eucalypt in contradistinction to the Red Gum-tree, with which it is associated on the alluvial plains around Adelaide. Two forms of this species bear marked outward differences, arising from geologic circumstances. The variety designated White Gum-tree, has the greater portion of the stem pale and smooth through the outer layers of the bark seceding. The variety, known as our Tronbark-tree and mostly scones one stony ridges or mountains of the lower silurian sandstone- and slate-formation, retains the whole bark on the stem, it thus becoming deeply fissured and furrowed, very hard and dark-colored. The manuscript name HE. Sideroxylon, given by Allan Cunningham to this species, is merely incidentally and without description mentioned in Sir Thomas Mitchell’s ‘‘ Tropical Australia,” " p. 339 (1848), and would imply, that the vernacular name of this tree was Ironwood, an appellation nowhere in use. The flowers and fruits are sometimes considerably larger than those delineated on the present illustration, but occasionally even smaller. The tree attains usually only a moderate size, but occasionally advances to a height of 200 feet. I have however seen this species flowering already in a shrubby state, even when the leaves were still opposite. Its nearest affinity is to Eucalyptus melliodora, of which some illustrations can be compared in my works on the “ Plants Indigenous to the Colony of Victoria,” suppl. pl. xvii., and “ Intro- duction to Botanic Teachings at the Schools of Victoria,” fig. vii. The flowers of E. melliodora are however often somewhat paniculate and are as well as the leaves and fruits evidently smaller, and the lid is less pointed, while the bark never secedes so much as to leave the stem smooth and pale. The leaves of the young seedlings of H. Leucoxylon are cordate- or lanceolar-ovate, opposite, sessile and smooth. — It is one of the best among Eucalypts for a moist tropical clime. Here in our colony the rugged-barked variety is often indicative of a gold-bearmg country. Mr. A. W. Howitt has EUCALYPTUS LEUCOXYLON. ascertained, that the Ironbark-tree bears among the Gippsland aboriginal tribes the name of “ Yerrick.” The nectar-juice of the flowers very much attracts bees. The vascular tubes of the wood are irregularly dispersed and contain some cellular substances ; their walls are dotted. The parenchymatous cells are scanty and near the tubes ; the woody fibres are also dotted and in transverse section circular with an exceedingly narrowed hollowness ; the medullary rays are disposed in simple or double or rarely triple rows of elongated cells with extremely thin walls. This accords with observations first instituted by Dr. J. Moller. The timber is of great hardness, durability and extraordinary strength, not usually fissile ; it varies in color from a pale hue to light shades of reddish-brown. It is used for wheel-work, particularly cogs, also shafts, poles, railway-sleepers, the stocks of rudders, treenails and topsides in ship- building, also extensively for lining the shafts of mines, further for various implements, which need a tough wood, such as axe-handles, &c. The specific gravity of air-dried wood varies from 1:140 to 1-024, equal to from 71-634 Ibs. of weight for a cubic foot, but still more variable according to the age and the situation of the tree yielding the timber, yet always heavier than water. Builders call it close- and straight-grained and slightly greasy. In my laboratory the wood yielded 28 per cent. of superior charcoal, 45 per cent. of crude wood-vinegar and 6 per cent. of tar, which products are of course also obtainable from every other kind of Eucalyptus, as well as from any other timber, though in somewhat variable quantity and quality. I have long since shown that packing-paper can be prepared from the inner layers of the bark, like from all congeners. The yield of volatile oil from the leaves exceeds as a rule slightly 1 per cent. Our Tronbark-tree is comparatively rich in Kino, valuable as a therapeutic astringent, as much as 22 per cent. having been obtained from fresh bark in my laboratory ; the tannic acid of Eucalyptus Kino is however not equal to that of the Oak and Acacia-Wattles in tan-power, but can be used as subsidiary in tanning process, when light-colored leather is not an object. This Kino from our Tronbark-tree is easily soluble in water, of slightly acid reaction, becomes turbid but clear again on heating. Some of the above notes on the timber are taken from the jurors’ reports of our Industrial Exhibition of 1862, which recently have also been utilized again for a publication of the Technologic Museum of Melbourne. Expranation oF Anatytic Detarzs.—l, various sizes of unexpanded calyces; 2, longitudinal section of * flowerbud ; 3, sterile and fertile stamens; 4 and 5, front- and back-view of fertile stamens; 6, « sterile stamen; 7, style and stigma; 8, fruits of various size; 9, longitudinal section of fruit; 10, transverse section of fruit; 11, sterile seeds ; 12, fertile seeds ; 13, embryo; 14, transverse section of wood; 15, a separate vascular tube and next to it an isolated woody fibre; 16, parenchymatous particles. 1 and 8 natural size; 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10 somewhat enlarged; 4.5, 11, 12, 18 much enlarged; 14 to 17 magnified 220 times diametrically. + v M airex: gE Hausen del 2 2-r yptus macrorrbyncha. ' 2 att ea. f EUCALYPTUS MACRORRHYNCHA. —~< F. v. M., First General Report, p. 12 (1853); Bentham flora Australiensis iii, 207 (1866); F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie xi. 45 (1878). The ordinary Stringybark-tree of Victoria. Finally tall ; leaves scattered, clongate- or sickleshaped-lanceolar, rarely verging into an almost oval form, equally green on both sides, with very subtle much concealed oil-dots ; their lateral veins moderately spreading, the intramarginal vein distinctly removed from the edge ; umbels solitary or slightly paniculate, on cylindrical on somewhat angular stalks, bearing from 4-9 flowers ; tube of the calyx tapering into a conspicuous stalklet, obconic-hemispherical ; lid from a dilated base sharply and concavely attenuated into a short anlshaped often curved apex or some- times almost conical towards the summit, about as long as or somewhat longer than the tube, neither of them longitudinally angular, but at their junction mostly forming a prominent trans- verse sutural line ; stamens all fertile, inflexed while unexpanded ; anthers cordate-kidneyshaped ; stigma not broader than the apex of the style ; fruit-calyx almost hemispherical, not much longer than the amply protruding very convex vertex ; valves wholly exserted, 3 or less frequently 4 in number, shorter than the broad rim ; the sterile seeds not very narrow, all without appendage. On comparatively sterile ridges and ranges, chiefly of the silurian-formation, widely and often gregariously distributed through much of the wooded country of Victoria, for instances towards the Upper Yarra and in the Dandenong-Ranges ; thence to the mountains of Gippsland easterly, to the Mitta-Mitta and Hume-River northerly, the Avoca and the Pyrenees westerly and towards Cape Otway southerly in our colony, but reaching also the western slopes of the main coast-ranges of New South Wales. Both this species and E. capitellata pass as “ Yangoora ” among the aborigines of Gippsland, according to Mr. Howitt’s annotation. This Stringybark-tree cannot rival in height with E. obliqua (our Messmate-tree and the ordinary Stringybark-tree of South Australia and Tasmania), nor does it generally ascend the mountains to the high elevations reached by E. obliqua, although both species occur often inter- mingled. The wood is hard and mostly tinged with a deeper red-brownish coloration, but occurs also pale-colored ; it is durable and easily fissile into fence-rails, shingles, palings and very useful for all purposes, for which rough split timber is required above ground ; it is also sawn into weather- boards and scantling and furnishes as well a fair fuel. The thick fibrous bark, which is persistent as well on the branches as on the stem, when removed in large sheets and levelled and dried under some pressure, is extensively used for roofing primitive huts, sheds and stables in districts where the tree occurs ; for this purpose it will last about twenty years. The bark outside is of a squalid or dark-grey color, deeply fissured by longitudinal or somewhat oblique furrows, reminding of that of the Ironbark-tree ; the inner layers are so tough as to become available for rough tying ; it is less fibrous and fragile, but more solid and more deeply furrowed, than that of E. obliqua. The specific gravity of the seasoned wood is about 1-020 or 683 Ibs. for the cubic foot. The stems of the seedlings have a peculiar roughness from warty glands beset with minute tufts of hair, not observable in the generality of the Victorian Eucalypts except E. capitellata ; but for extensive observations on these characteristics I have since years not enjoyed any facilities in cultural ground and appliances ; the leaves of young seedlings are opposite or soon some scattered, short-stalked or sessile, from cordate-ovate to finally lanceolar. A variety occurs with fruits on very short or even without stalklets and of lesser size than those delineated. EUCALYPTUS MACRORRHYNCHA. In specific botanical affinity E. macrorrhyncha stands nearest to H. capitellata ; leaves and fruits of both are the same ; but the flowers of the latter are always sessile or nearly so and thus crowded into heads as the species-name signifies, besides being usually smaller ; the lid of E. capitellata is hemispheric, without any prominent point and shorter in proportion to the tube, the latter being also more angular and downward less attenuated. E. santalifolia (F. v. M., in the Transactions of the Victorian Institute i. 35) from the limestone-ridges of Guichen-Bay and thence westward to Venus-Bay beyond Spencer’s Gulf, differs in smaller and less oblique leaves with more concealed veins and anthers rather cordate than kidneyshaped, but the fruits are again the same, unless the valves are smaller. Possibly it may prove a variety ; it flowers already in a shrubby state. I have not seen the lid of its calyx. The variety brachycorys, mentioned by Bentham, seems transferable to HE. capitellata, unless indeed it should prove distinct from both, when as a species it could be kept apart under the above designation. Expranation or Anatytic Detaits.—l, summit of calyx, the lid detached ; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther; 5, three stamens in situ, all fertile; 6, style with its stigma; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of fruit; 9 and 10, sterile and fertile seeds; 11, epidermis, showing its cells and stomata, diametrically 125 times magnified; 12, portion of a leaf to exhibit the venation and oil-glands; all figures except 11, only moderately magnified, the ratio of augmentation easily perceived by comparison of the main figure, which in all plates of this Atlas represents natural size. Ayatomic Pratr.—l, cellular cuticle of the leaf, showing also the breathing pores or stomates ; 2, transverse section of aged wood, the large openings representing the vascular tubes; the rows of elongated cells constitute the medullary rays ; the scattered cells and those near the vascular tubes are parenchyme ; the rest show the transverse form of the numerous woody fibres, all closely set and in diameter smaller than the parenchyme-cells ; 3, tangential section of aged wood; wide and dotted vascular tubes, rows of cells of the medullary rays cut transversely, sparingly dotted woody fibres, parenchymatous ampler interstices; 4, radial section of aged wood, wide dotted vascular tubes, rows of cells of the medullary rays cut vertically, sparingly dotted woody fibres, parenchymatous ampler interstices; all magnified 214 times diametrically. Steam Litho. Gov. Printing Office Melb . Eucalyptus macrorrlayndna. / vif Baron von Mueller dirent L Rummel del. ne aTiponteone ot ae compere OE CTroeds AC! ne Feen Muetleesd rei: RAuten del & [th EUCALYPTUS PACHYPHYLLA. F. v. M., in the Journal of the Linnean Society 1859, pp. 83, 98 and 101; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 237 (1866) ; F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie x. 5 (1876). Shrubby ; branchlets robust, not very angular; Jeaves scattered, on long stalks, of thick leathery consistence, ovate- or broad-lanceolar, hardly wnequal-sided, very finely veined, not conspicuously dotted, the marginal vein distinctly removed from the edge ; stalk very short, bearing several flowers either sessile or on short stalklets ; calyx mith 4-7 longitudinal angles ; the lid semiovate and acuminate, twice as long as the tube; stamens yellow, inflected before expansion, with almost ovate anthers, their cells opening with longitudinal slits ; style elongated ; stigma not dilated ; fruit depressed-hemispherical, usually with 4 prominent angles, with a broad ascending rim and 4 or 5 rarely 3 slightly exserted valves; placental axis nearly as broad as long ; sterile seeds slender ; fertile seeds surrounded by a narrow membrane. In the deserts of Central Australia, known from Sturt’s and Hooker’s Creek to Lake Amadeus and MacDonnell’s Range (I. M.; EH. Giles). The peculiar shape of the fruit distinguishes this species already from any other. The plant has merits for decorative culture in shrubberies and will bear the hottest drought. The heat, which this and other Central-Australian plants will endure, may exceptionally rise in the shade to 122° F., and in the sun to 164° F., or even as observed by McKinlay to 168° F. in the sun, and as noted by Sturt to 132° F. in the shade. This extraordinary endurance of heat, shown by some Eucalypts, finds to some extent its explanation in the great power of exhalation possessed by these plants. Exrtanation oF Anatytic Dertarzs.—l, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 2, front-view of an anther with the upper part of its filament; 3, back-view of the same; 4, pistil; 5, transverse section of young fruit ; 6, longitudinal section of fruit; 7, sterile seeds; 8, fertile seeds; 9, pollen-grains, these diametrically 300 times magnified. The augmentation of the other details readily rated by comparison of the main figure, which is of natural size. The Stomata or breathing-pores of the epidermis of leaves occur in about equal number on both pages in E. pachyphylla as in the majority of cases in Eucalypts, numbering in this instance about 40,000 to each square inch. This seems an apt opportunity to adduce the results, which by microscopic observations and micrometric measurements have been obtained concerning the number and distribution of the stomata in different species of this very large genus. As in Proteaceze so in Eucalyptez the occurrence of the stomata, whether on the underside of the leaves alone, or on both pages in unequal or in equal numbers, indicates three series, according to which the species have been tabulated below. In the time-absorbing elaboration of these details I have been aided by Mr. L. Rummel. TaBLe oF APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF STOMATA PER SQUARE INcH oF EvcaLyrtus LEAVES. I.—Stomata hypogenous = on the underside only. Eucalyptus Abergiana 180,000-228,000 Eucalyptus ficifolia ... : 140,000-161,000 acmenoides 149,000-210,000 microcorys i 210,000-211,000 botryoides 105,000-116,000 pellita ie 6 150,000-155,000 brachyandra ... 224,000 ptychocarpa ... tes 240,000 calophylla 207,000-—230,000 resinifera ‘ 139,000-160,000 Cloéziana 310,000-311,000 robusta : 155,000-195,000 corymbosa ... 100,000-157,000 Raveretiana ... 2 220,000-248,000 Decaisneana ... 207,000 saligna es 155,000-217,000 diversicolor .., 170,000-228,000 trachyphloia ... ss ons 124,000 EUCALYPTUS PACHYPHYLLA. II.—Stomata heterogenous = on both sides, but less above than below. Eucalyptus alpina ... sie “si { oie Eucalyptus obliqua ... oD Te g00-87 000 ? ? > * 68,000 54,000-60,000 Baileyana.... as Ses | 10 4,000 patens one ens | 120,000-124,000 . 20,000—45,000 . . 25,000-41,000 capitellata ... oes { 50,000-62,000 pilularis ove wee { 100,000-153,000 sia 99,000-116,000 ! Bo 45,000-91,000 citriodora... bey { 132,000-145,000 piperita ot ove | 110,000-197,000 ss 50,000-52,000 75,000-106,000 decipiens as aes | 90,000-9 7,000 pyrophora ... esis Lone 39,000 globulus (leaves of aged 35,000-39,000 iotda 25,000-43,000 plants) 45,000-56,000 8 oe ane 45,000-60,000 45,000 : 77,000-112,000 globulus (leaves of young plant) ‘3 5,000 rudis sie ee | 1 53,000-157,000 89,000-99,000 . . 70,000-99,000 gomphocephala o { 178,000-199,000 Rideropblom: ax ne | 116,000-186,000 23,000-39,000 : 116,000-145,000 grossa a ee taro Be toD tesselaris ... sae | 1 53,000-166,000 99 ,000-104,000 ¢ 46,000-110,000 macrandra ... ae | 15 5,000-1 57,000 Torelliana ... ose + ootsen 008 Pa 37,000-45,000 5 23,000-25,000 miniata a ae { 60°000-77, a vernicosa =... ae | 46,000-55,000 [For the continuation of this table see E. pheenicea, ] These data are in nearly all cases the results only of two experiments, on which other observers may enlarge by carrying on such researches. In several instances exceptions seem to occur regarding this classification of the Eucalypts according to the distribution of their stomata ; these apparent anomalies, concerning H. amygdalina, E. marginata, E. paniculata, E. terminalis and a few others, will become the subject of future elucidations. x, a 3 Teton agp oe “; sy Steam Litho Gov. Printing Office, Melb. E.v.M. direxit. Bucalyptus phoemeoea. /v// reedel & C® Lith Crs R Austen del. EUCALYPTUS PHENICEA. F. v. M., in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society iii. 91 (1859) ; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 251. Not very tall ; branchlets slender ; leaves scattered, often on rather short stalks, narrow- or sickleshaped-lanceolar, of thin consistence, opaque; lateral veins moderately spreading, only slightly prominent, the intramarginal vein almost contiguous to the edge; oil-dots scanty or concealed ; wmbels many-flowered, axillary and lateral, on a conspicuous almost cylindrical stalk, solitary or sometimes two together ; calyces longer than the slender stalklets, their tube obverse- conical, at first slightly constricted towards the middle and at last below the orifice, faintly furrowed and streaked, about twice as long as the semiovate or nearly hemispheric lid; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; filaments scarlet or light orange-colored ; anthers roundish- or blunt-oval, opening with longitudinal slits ; ovary 2-celled ; fruit urnshaped-ellipsoid, rather long, hardly woody, not prominently angular ; valves deeply enclosed. On the sandstone-tableland and also on sandy ridges from the Victoria-River and its vicinity to Carpentaria, far eastward around the Gulf, often accompanied by E. miniata. A small or middle-sized tree, highly deserving of a place in ornamental arboreta here and in any other countries free of frost. Flowers in the umbels counted to 28. Style hooked in the flowerbud. Ripe seeds not yet seen, but probably not provided with any appendage. In ornamental splendor this tree among its congeners vies with HE. ficifolia (F. M. fragm. phytogr. Austr. ii. 85; vi. 25) and with E. miniata (A. Cunningham, in Walper’s repertorium botanices systematice ii. 925). Its flowers share the fiery brilliancy of the last-mentioned species, to which it is also closely allied in its cortical characters, E. phcenicea and E. miniata standing in this respect quite apart from any other Eucalypt (unless E. melissiodora), constituting in the cortical system of the genus a peculiar section, that of Lepidophloie. The bark of both is very lameller and friable, outside of a yellowish- or greyish-brown, on fracture partly glittering, and somewhat resembling mica-schist. In E. phcenicea the bark covers the lower branches as well as the stem persistently, but it is easily pulled off, and is less interwoven with fibres than in HE. miniata, whereas also in the latter the bark persists on the stem only. Bentham’s particular systematic arrangement of the genus necessitated the removal of both species far from each other ; the main-differences consist in EH. miniata having an almost chalky whiteness about its branchlets and inflorescence, thicker and somewhat broader leaves, heterogenous not isogenous stomata, a lesser number of flowers in the umbels, no well developed stalklets to the calyces, an angularity and greater width of the tube of the latter, more deeply orange-colored filaments, larger and woody fruits (more like those of H. ptychocarpa) with a thicker rim, longitudinal angles and 3-4 valves ; it is moreover usually a larger tree than E. phcenicea. The latter differs from all its very numerous congeners in the 2-celled ovary, as first observed by Mr. Bentham and subsequently confirmed by numerous observations of my own. Species-name from the cinnabar-color or granateflower-red (govtceoc) of the filaments, in allusion to the fiery-crimson plumage of the mythical bird Pheenix. Expranation or Anatyric Derarts.—l1, longitudinal section of unexpanded flower; 2 and 3, front- and back-view of astamen; 4, style with stigma; 5 and 6, transverse and longitudinal section of fruit; 7, piece of a leaf; all but variously magnified. In E. pheenicea, as in the preponderance of species of this genus, the stomata occur in about equal number on both pages of the leaves, varying (so far as hitherto ascertained) from 65,000 to EUCALYPTUS PHENICEA. 128,000 per square inch. The continuation of a preliminary table of stomata, given under E. pachyphylla, is now offered. I wish it however at the very outset of these observations to be understood, that no undue stress should be laid on the absolute firmness of these interesting physiologic characteristics, as geologic and climatic influences and not less so the age of the tree and other circumstances are likely to render the approximate numbers here noted subject to many changes. ITI.— Stomata isogenous = on both sides and of approximately equal number. Eucalyptus alba... oes eae 149,000 Eucalyptus macrocarpa oo 75,000-97,000 albens oe ast 40,000-52,000 macrorrhyncha ee 45,000-50,000 angustissima ... aes ee 50,000 maculata ae aes 95,000-114,000 annulata see on 95,000-114,000 megacarpa we 79,000-85,000 Behriana wee Bowmanni ... buprestium ... cesia eee cinerea we clavigera eee eneorifolia ... coccifera, wis concolor ati conoidea ae coriacea des cornuta eos crebra des cosmophylla ... dealbata x08 dichromophloia doratoxylon ... drepanophylla dumosa dae endesmioides ... erythrocorys ... eximia ‘ene falcata ane fecunda tie gamopbylla ... goniantha .., goniocalyx ... gracilis ae grandifolia ... Gunnii oe hemastoma ... hemiphloia_ .., incrassata =... largiflorens ... latifolia ave Leucoxylon ... longifolia... loxophleba ... Luehmanniana 60,000-70,000 58,000-60,000 54,000--60,000 ave 62,000 70,000-118,000 290,000-360,000 46,000- 65,000 50,000-58,000 45,000-52,000 64,000--70,000 62,000-120,000 100,000-145,000 75,000-85,000 90,000-95,000 55,000-66,000 112,000-220,000 52,000-95,000 72,000-100,000 45,000-54,000 45,000-68,000 60,000-89,000 95,000-110,000 50,000-60,000 108,000-130,000 70,000-77,000 60,000-66,000 52,000-60,000 aa 75,000 282,000-320,000 135,000-153,000 64,000-85,000 80,000-89,000 50,000-64,000 70,000-81,000 87,000-115,000 95,000-161,000 118,000-160,000 110,000-182,000 se 66,000 melanophloia... melliodora ... micranthera ... microtheca occidentalis... odontocarpa ... odorata aa Oldfieldi sts oleosa eee pachyphylla ... pallidifolia ... peltata phenicea’... platyphylla ... platypus polyanthema Preissiana... ” see pruinosa sen pulverulenta ... pyriformis ... redunca a Risdoni ea salmonophloia salubris weg santalifolia ... setosa ae spathulata... stellulata aes Stuartiana ... tereticornis ... tetragona ji tetraptera ... tetrodonta ... urnigera aes viminalis eee Waitsoniana ... Youngiana ... 108,000-120,000 68,000-90,000 65,000-83,000 75,000-100,000 95,000~170,000 a 81,000 a 72,000 Ae 85,000 60,000 is 40,000 60,000-66,000 ees 275,000 65,000-128,000 116,000-130,000 79,000-100,000 80,000-118,000 ats 35,000 40,000-46,000 90,000-124,000 115,000-124,000 48,000-50,000 od 81,000 48,000-58,000 46,000-80,000 70,000-95,000 65,000-72,000 75,000-91,000 99,000-108,000 58,000-70,000 95,000~155,000 85,000-87,000 72,000-85,000 46,000-67,000 155,000-207,000 56,000-75,000 75,000-85,000 114,000-145,000 20,000-43,000 ” gut tis 1 Kh \ hs yy DCAM : ES Sera [boa ‘ ” \ ‘ 1 \ ? \ ' Doe ' : ' | ee 3 # “3 ik ? Austen deli? Loh aron vou Mueiie~ cirea:! po ged} &C°% smb EUCALYPTUS RAVERETIANA. F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie x. 99 (1877). Very tall; branchlets thin, angular; leaves scattered, of thin consistence, oval- or oftener elongate-lanceolar, almost equal-sided or but slightly sickleshaped, opaque, copiously dotted by pellucid oil-glands, paler beneath; veins very fine, slightly distant, the marginal vein very near to the edge ; flowers exceedingly small, few or several in each umbel, paniculated ; calyces on very short stalklets, the acutely conical lid twice or thrice as long as the hemispheric calyx-tube; stamens all fertile ; anthers renate-cordate, opening by longitudinal slits; style comparatively long ; stigma slightly dilatated ; fruits extremely small, 3- or rarely 4-celled, their valves half exserted, forming an almost hemispheric summit of the fruit; placental axis about twice as long as broad; seeds without any membranous appendage. In wet forest-valleys and along shady streams, also on the immediate margins of rivers and swamps of East Australia, particularly in the capricornic regions; thus near Rockhampton (Thozet and O’Shanesy); at the Dawson- and Nercool-River (Bowman); near Port Denison (Fitzalan). This well-marked and stately species received its specific name in honor of Dr. M. C. Raveret- Wattel, of Paris, who as principal secretary of the great French Acclimation-Society identified himself also much with the extensive culture of our Eucalypts in the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, much induces by Mons. Prosp. Ramel and myself, and who published an important essay on this subject: l’Hucalyptus, son introduction, sa culture, ses propriétés et usages. A tree, attaining a gigantic size, even up to 300 feet at full age. Vernacularly it passes in the districts of its growth as “ Grey Gum-tree” and “ Iron Gum-tree.” Bark shedding its outer layers, at least of the upper branches, by which process they are rendered smooth and grey, but often persistent on the stem, the latter, according to a meritorious observer of Queensland plants, the late Mons. Thozet, finally fully 10 feet in diameter. Foliage periodically almost completely dropping ; leaves usually between 3 and 5 inches long, 3-1} inch broad, interspersed with some of smaller size, not very narrowly acuminated ; the principal lateral veins spreading in a mode- rately acute angle. Panicles axillary and terminal, varying usually in length between 1 and 3 inches. Flower-stalklets 1-3 lines long. Filaments almost white. Lid membranous ; though so considerably exceeding the tube of the calyx in length, yet measuring only about 3th of an inch; neither the stamens longer. Fruit-calyx little broader than one line; its surrounding margin very thin. Sterile seeds narrower, but hardly shorter, than the fertile seeds. The nearest affinity of this species is to H. microtheca, but the leaves are not of equal green on both sides, also mostly broader, with more concealed veins ; the calyces are still smaller, and there is a greater disparity between the length of their lid and tube ; the anthers are more kidney- shaped than globular, while the fruits are smaller than those of any other species, excepting the rare North-West Australian E. brachyandra (F. v. M., in Journ of Proceed. of the Linn. Soe. iii. 97) which however in other respects is very different. From cuts into the stem an acidulous almost colorless liquid issues in considerable quantity, according to Messrs. Bowman and O’Shanesy, in which respect this species resembles H. Gunni. The foliage is rich in volatile oil. The wood is durable, dark-colored, very hard and valuable for underground-piles and railway-sleepers, irrespective of many other purposes; it will resist the heaviest blow (Bowman and Thozet). This species flowers already when only about 10 feet high. wee EUCALYPTUS RAVERETIANA. It is well deserving of trial-culture for industrial purposes, especially as it is also so rich in volatile oil, the particular qualities of which in this instance have never yet been tested. In all likelihood this will prove one of the most eligible of Eucalypts in wet tropical countries for comparatively quick production of a superior hardwood-timber, and likewise also for hygienic purposes, the evolution of one of the most powerful of all antiseptics, the double oxyd of hydrogen, standing in proportion to the copiousness of essential oil in the foliage of these kinds of trees. I am still unacquainted with the form of the young seedlings, which in many instances present characteristics peculiar to particular species. ExpLanation or Anatytic Drrarrs.—1 and 2, calyx, the lid removed; 8, longitudinal section of an unex- panded flower; 4 and 5, front- and back-view of a stamen; 6, style with stigma; 7, longitudinal section of fruit ; 8, transverse section of fruit; 9, fruit before opening; 10, ripe fruit; 11, fertile seeds; 12, sterile seeds; variously magnified, srelgiaaerae Ht alte << ee Tite Wee “YUE e Steam Litho Gov bars dire hucalyptus resin run wilh ifera . S7a7th EUCALYPTUS RESINIFERA. Smith, in White’s Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, 231 (1790); in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London iii. 284 (1797); Exotic Botany, t. 84 (1805); Andrews, Botanist’s Repository vi. t. 400; Hayne, Arznei-Gewiichse x. t. 5 (with exclusion of the fruit); T. Nees von Esenbeck, Sammlung officineller Pflanzen, Supplement-Hefte, t. 11; Kippist, in F. M. fragmenta phytographie Australie ii, 172; Bentham, flora Ausiraliensis iii. 245. Finally tall; branchlets angular ; /eaves scattered, elongate- or narrow-lanceolar, somewhat or but slightly curved, paler and opaque beneath; the lateral veins quite numerous, subtle and almost transversely spreading, the two longitudinal veins only very slightly removed from the edge ; pellucid oil-dots more or less obliterated ; umbels axillary, on a compressed stalk, bearing usually 6-11 or sometimes 3—5 flowers ; tube of the calyx almost semiovate, merging gradually into a stalklet of lesser or occasionally equal or even greater length ; lid conical, usually twice or thrice as long as the tube and upwards either gradually or more or less suddenly attenuated ; stamens all fertile, inflexed while in bud; anthers oblong- or wedgeshaped-oval, with a broad connective and longitudinal slits ; stigma not broader than the summit of the elongated style ; fruit bellshaped-semiovate or verging towards an hemispheric form, 3- or oftener 4—5-celled, not or rarely angular ; rim raised, almost annular ; valves conspicuously protruding, deltoid-semi- lanceolar ; placental column at least twice as long as broad; seeds without any expanding membrane, the fertile much broader than the sterile seeds and very angular. In New South Wales and Queensland, but not extending far into the inland districts, traced northward hitherto to the vicinity of Rockingham-Bay (Dallachy) and the Daintree-River (Fitzalan). The precise southern limits as yet unknown. A moderate-sized or lofty tree. Bark rough, persistent on the stem, in a greater or lesser degree deciduous on the branches, by which characteristic this species is with ease habitually distinguished from E. saligna, the latter belonging to the Leiophloie in the cortical system, while E. resinifera belongs to the Hemiphloiz. It bears the colonial name of Red or Forest-Mahogany, which appellations are very inaptly given, inasmuch as the wood bears no real similarity to that of the true West Indian Mahogany ; according to the Revd. Dr. Woolls the tree passes under several other popular and confusing designations, which very properly might be consigned to oblivion. Should it be deemed desirable to construct a new vernacular name, that of the New South Wales Kino-Eucalypt might be found the most appropriate, as it was this species, which brought the Australian Kino first into medical notice. Indeed Dr. White already during the earliest phase of the Botany-Bay-settlement used it against diarrhoea with excellent results, and recorded simul- taneously, that the Kino of this tree dissolves completely in spirits of wine, but only one-sixth part of it in water. Hot water, according to Hayne, dissolves rather more than half, and alcohol rather more than two-thirds, ether about one-twentieth. Incisions into the bark expedite and increase the flow of the Kino-sap. E. resinifera presents considerable variations of form, which is not surprising, when we consider, through what a wide extent of geographic latitude this species ranges. Thus in the wet and hot regions of Rockingham-Bay the leaves assume a broad almost oval form of nearly equal color on both sides and of thicker consistence, while the lid of the calyx becomes suddenly contracted from a semiglobular base ; this variety was described as E. spectabilis (F. M., fragm. v. 45) ; another variety with more elongated leaves, partially paniculated flowers and larger fruits was rendered known as JE. pellita (F. M, fragm. iv. 159; Benth. fl. Austr. iii. 246) ; but augmented material, since accumulated, has proved also this as a tropical luxuriant form referable EUCALYPTUS RESINIFERA. to E. resinifera. Thus leaves occur twice as broad as those of the lithogram, whereas flowers are also found of double the size of those illustrated. In a stunted state this tree, when growing among granite-rocks in New England, may have its flowerstalks much shortened, the stalklets vanishing and the lid abbreviated to a pyramidal-hemispheric form. The timber is pronounced by the Revd. Dr. Woolls “splendid and as durable as that of the Tronbark-trees ” of New South Wales, though the tree itself in outer appearance resembles more the Stringybark-Eucalypts. It ought to be for timber-culture, along with E. rostrata and E. cor- nuta, one of the most valuable in wet tropical countries ; nevertheless in its merits for sanitary purposes it cannot rival with any of the Eucalypts richest in Cajuput-like oil. Expranation oF Anatytic Deraizs.—l, part of flowerbud, the lid separated; 2, longitudinal section of flowerbud; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of anther; 5, pistil; 6, outer stamens; 7, longitudinal section of a fruit ; 8, transverse section of a fruit; 9, sterile seeds; 10, fertile seeds; 11, portion of a leaf; variously magnified. In the Ilawarra-district occurs a tree, which attracted great attention in India, not only because of its rapid growth, but also as it proved the best species there to cope with the moist tropical heat. This tree has been cultivated at Lucknow by Dr. Bonavia, who recorded, that it attained in the best soil 12 feet in two years; it was there considered to belong to E. resinifera. It differs however from that species in having the leaves of equal color on both sides with more prominent veins, the intramarginal veins more distant from the edge; thus in venation as also in odor of foliage and fruit the tree in question approaches E. robusta, but its fruit is certainly similar to that of E. resinifera, wanting however the broadish outer ring around its orifice, characteristic of the typical E. resinifera, while the lateral veins of the leaves are not quite so transversely spreading as in either. If really specifically distinct, the tree might be named E. Kirtoniana in honor of its discoverer. Eucalyptus punctata (Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 217) 1s evidently very closely related to EH. resinifera, though Bentham took for it a variety of E. tereti- cornis with broader and shorter leaves, thicker flowerstalk and very blunt operculum. Dr. Woolls acknowledges perhaps correctly HE. punctata, the “ Leather-Jacket” of the colonists, as a separate species and places it into the section of Hemiphloiw. His Parramatta specimens agree precisely with Heyland’s drawing in De Candolle’s mémoire sur la famille des myrtacées, pl. 4. The main differences, by which E. punctata can be held separate from EK. resinifera, are the thinness of its leaves, its general tendency to a paniculate inflorescence, the abbreviated lid of the calyx, the more depressed rim of the ripe fruit and the extremely short in no way or but very slightly protruding valves of the latter ; it is brought into closer contact with E. saligna by the size of its flowers and fruits, the shortness of the lid and of the fruit-valves, differing however in the total persistency of the stem-bark, the longer stalklets and the less pointed lid. The reverend gentleman observes, that E. punctata passes among artisans also as “ Hickory,” that it has a tough and thick bark, that the wood is useful for fencing and other rough purposes, and that the tree attains a height of 70 feet. I find the leaves copiously pellucid-dotted, as the name would imply. dareak acon .ca Mueller B ct Lath F Aacten ye: ve Buealyptus tetwodonta./y’ a i Be EUCALYPTUS TETRODONTA. F. v. M., in the Journal of the Linnean Society iii. 97 (1858); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 260. Arboreous ; branchlets angular ; leaves opposite, lanceolar-sickleshaped, opaque, their lateral veins moderately spreading, the intramarginal vein close to the edge ; umbels axillary and solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 jointly terminal, each with 3 or seldom 4—5 flowers ; flowerstalks hardly shorter than the calyx ; stalklets extremely short but angular; bracts 2, opposite, rather large, slowly deciduous ; tube of the calyx conical-belishaped, provided slightly below the margin with four deltoid teeth ; lid hemispherical, smooth ; stamens inflexed before expansion ; anthers oval-oblong, opening with longitudinal slits; stigma hardly broader than the style; fruit angular, mostly 3-celled, the discal expansion forming a narrow rim beyond the calyx-teeth ; placental axis in age twice as long as broad ; valves enclosed ; sterile seeds not much narrower than the fertile seeds, all without any membranous appendage. On the bushy sandstone-tableland of Arnhem’s Land (F. v. M.); near Port Essington (Leichhardt) ; Port Darwin (Schultz) ; Maria-Island and Liverpool-River (Gulliver) ; Escape- Cliffs (Hulls). A kind of Stringybark-tree, but not tall. Stem rather slender. Bark pale, fibrous, coating the branches as well as the stem persistently. Leaves 3-8 inches long, }-14 inches broad ; the uppermost sometimes alternate. Bracts at the summit of the flowerstalk boatshaped-lanceolar, about 3 inch long. Calyx measuring when in flower about 3 an inch, when in fruit up to 3 of an inch in length, so far as hitherto observed. Sterile seeds often narrow-pyramidal and truncated ; fertile seeds mostly oblique-oval. This species is highly remarkable and instructive, inasmuch as the strongly toothed calyx demonstrates some transit towards Angophora, although the lid is noways dissolved into petals as in that genus, nor can the operculum be rightly regarded as petaloid, it being quite of the texture and structure normal in most Eucalypts, indeed in this respect not different from the lid of BE. Preissii, E. terminalis, E. Abergiana and a few other species, in which the calyx is rather irregularly ruptured than circumcised by a clearly defined sutural line ; at best only the inner layer of the lid could be assumed to be corollaceous, but it is closely connate with the outer stratum as usual in the genus. E. tetrodonta has no immediate close affinity to any of its congeners, except to H. odontocarpa (F. v. M., in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, iii. 98) from the North- Western regions of Central Australia ; this however I found only of shrubby growth, its leaves much narrower, the calyces very considerably smaller on shorter and thinner stalklets, the fruit also of much less size, its minute teeth protruding beyond the outward not decurrent rim. EXPLANATION OF THE ANALYTIC Derarts.—l, longitudinal section of unexpanded flower ; 2 and 3, front- and back-view of a stamen; 4, style; 5, longitudinal section of a fruit; 6, sterile seeds ; 7, fertile seeds; variously magnified. I may perhaps avail myself at this early opportunity, while issuing the first plates of the Atlas, to point out, that in any arrangement of the species of Eucalyptus according to the cortical system E. tetrodonta would probably merge into the division of Pachyphloie, which comprises all the Stringybark-trees. When in 1858 a descriptive essay on those Hucalypts, which from 1855 to 1856 I had personally observed in tropical and eastern subtropical Australia, was offered by me to the Linnean Society, and published in its journal of proceedings iii. 81-101, I explained how by a few simple easily observable characteristics of the bark all Eucalypts could be classified according EUCALYPTUS TETRODONTA. to the technic requirements of woodmen, who could not be expected to enter on a discrimination of the various species from such purely scientific differences, on which descriptive botany would rely. Subsequent discoveries of species have not suggested the adoption of any material changes in this first rough grouping according to cortical characteristics for the general guidance of colonists, but the systematic term Pachyphloiz, adopted collectively for all the Stringybark-trees, might perhaps give way to the still more expressive designation Inophioie, all Stringybark-trees, as the name implies, producing a very fibrous bark, in which respect they differ materially from the groups of Rhytiphloiz (comprising many of the so-called “Box-trees”) and that of the Schizophloiz (including the Ironbark-trees), both these groups having a much more solid bark. As however might be imagined, these distinctions are not absolute ; and when the persistence of the cortical layers on the main branches of any Stringybark-trees becomes imperfect, we get a transit to the group of Hemiphloie, in the leading species of which the branches become smooth from the shedding of the outer and older cortical layers, while the stem remains coated with the complete and gradually very thickened bark. EUCALYPTOGRAPHIA. NN TN ee eee ree A DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS Or THE ERUCALYPTS OF AUSTRALIA AND THE ADJOINING ISLANDS; BY BARON FERD. VON MUELLER, K.C.MG, M. & PHD, PRS, GOVERNMENT BOTANIST FOR THE COLONY OF VICTORIA. “NON SUCCIDES ARLORES, NEC SECURIBUS DEBES VASTARE EARUM REGIONEM.”—Liber Deuteronomii xx. 19, a4, SECOND DECADE. MELBOURNE : JOMUN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. PUBLISHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITTLE COLLINS STREET. LONDON : TRUBNER AND CO. 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL; AND GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE. ue pece Lxxix. “|' Ze] CO Troede? 4? Lith Fei dec "Steam: Lathe. Gov. Printng ‘i z¢, Melk, Kucalyptus alpma. Lindley EUCALYPTUS ALPINA. Lindley, in Mitchell’s three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia ii. 175 (1838); Brogniart et Guillemin, Annales des sciences naturalles, seconde série, xvii. 57 ; Walpers, repertorium botanices systematice ii. 925 ; F. M., fragmenta phytographiw Australie ii. 68; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii, 225. Shrubby ; branchlets stout, almost cylindrical ; (eaves scattered, on thick stalks, from broad- oblong and oval to roundish, of thick consistence, of equal color and shining on both pages, with moderately spreading faint and not crowded veins, the intramarginal vein distinctly removed from the edge ; the oil-dots concealed or scantily developed ; flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or oftener from 2 to 4 or rarely 5 together, some not rarely lateral ; calyx more or less warty-rough ; the lid irregularly semiovate or semiglobular ; the tube nearly hemispherical, about as long as the lid or slightly longer ; stamens incurved while in bud, all fertile ; anthers ovate-cordate, opening with longitudinal slits ; fruits almost hemispherical, not angular, of rather considerable size, its vertical margin broad, slightly protruding and ascending, finally convex ; valves 4-6, half- exserted, deltashaped ; seeds without any appendage, the sterile seeds mostly not very narrow. On the summit of Mount William, at an elevation of over 4,000 feet. This in many respects remarkable species was discovered by Colonel Sir Thomas Mitchell, when that eminent geographer explored a vast extent of Victoria, discovered also the Grampians and ascended (in July 1836) the mountain, to the top of which this Hucalypt is absolutely restricted ; for it does not even extend to any other summits in the chain, of which Mount William is the culminating point, seeking unlike most of its congeners a subalpine zone for its habitation (with us always first indicated by the presence of Celmisia longifolia), though I have sought for the same species in vain anywhere in the Australian Alps. But it is not the only one, which endures quite a frigid clime, inasmuch as in the snowy mountains of Victoria and New South Wales the timber-vegetation terminates also with species of Eucalyptus, thus E. Gunnii and E. pauciflora in a dwarfed state ascending to heights of over 5,000 feet in the Australian Alps, while in Tasmania E. vernicosa, E. coccifera and E. urnigera (also with HE. Gunnii and E. pauciflora) penetrate likewise to alpine elevations, and brave the keen frosts and snow-storms, which in the uppermost Eucalyptus-region occur for several months in the year. It will be interesting for the geography of plants to ascertain, whether the Eucalyptus- vegetation of New Guinea advances there also to the as yet unexplored alpine regions. E. alpina is remarkable also for being restricted to a small area of one single mountain, just as is the case with a few of its companions or neighbors there, for instance Pulteneea rosea, Calycothrix Sullivani, Bauera sessiliflora, Stylidium soboliferum ; and similar isolations are shown by Wittsteinia vacciniacea, which is confined to the highest regions of Mount Baw-Baw exclusively, while Goodenia Macmillani occupies a short distance of one single slate-valley on the MacAllister- River, not to allude to some similar instances even within our colony. Here however a hope may be expressed, that. plants of such extreme rarity should not be allowed as in St. Helena (and as unfortunately also in many other parts of the globe) to be swept away and even utterly annihilated, when intelligent foresight might protect them ungrudgingly and unmolested in their place of creation, from which they could not wander away. By some slight circumspect exertions we might preserve for the contemplation and delight also of future generations these extremely local forms of the existing creation, whose very representative existence in their almost solitary spots, is so much endangered, aware that divine wisdom called forth even the most scantily distributed organic beings in nature by unalterable laws for designed purposes. Hence no efforts of any EUCALYPTUS ALPINA. evolution- or transmutation-experiments, by which these theories might be brought to a crucial test, will ever give us back again even one single real species, whether the Moa or Dodo or even the humblest plant, when in its struggle for existence it became finally lost. The danger of E. alpina becoming extinct is lessened by its being brought into culture in our Botanic Garden, where I reared it from seeds gathered by myself in 1853. But since that distant time the plant in not altogether unfertile soil remained as dwarf and bushy as in its place of creation, having in a quarter of a century hardly attained a height over about a dozen feet and shown no tendency to form a distinct stem. Therefore E. alpina is probably the slowest i in growth of all Eucalypts, and in this respect its contrast to E. globulus is all the more marked and singular, inasmuch as it stands to that species of unparalleled celerity of growth among hardwood- trees in nearest systematic affinity, though specifically quite distinct. E. globulus however, irrespective of its gigantic stature, differs in much longer and narrower leaves, sickleshaped- attenuated and of lesser thickness with usually less immersed veins, in longer leaf-stalks, flowers probably never more than 3 together and always of larger size, in a comparatively more depressed lid, in the anthers longer and not almost cordate with a more prominent dorsal gland, in the fruit being mostly very angular from longitudinal prominent verrucular lines, in the generally more depressed rim separated by a deeper channel from the tube of the calyx, in often rather larger valves of not lesser width than the rim ; further the oil-dots of the foliage are mostly unconcealed, and the seedlings are totally different. In the fragmenta phytographie Australie vu. pp. 42-44, notes on the seedlings of many Eucalypts were offered, and those of E. alpina mentioned as rough, with cylindrical stem, opposite oval nearly sessile leaves, dark-green above, hardly 2 inches long. In stature it resembles H. pachyphylla and some few others of the desert-species. Systematically it approaches also in some respects E. cosmophylla and E. Preissiana, but the differences between these are so great, as to need no special exposition. Expnanation oF Anatytic Derarts.—l, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 2 and 3, front- and back-view of astamen; 4, pistil; 5 and 6, longitudinal and transverse section of fruit; 7 and 8, sterile and fertile seeds ; all magnified, but in various degrees. Steam Litho Gov.Printmg Office Melb. FvM direxit. corynocalyx. / vi R Austen del. 0 Troede & 0° Lath. aucalyptus EUCALYPTUS CORYNOCALYX. F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 43 (1860); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 218; HE. cladocalyx, F. M., in Schlechtendal’s Linnea xxv. 388 (1852) ; Miquel, in Nederlandisk Kruidkundig Archiev iv. 185; C. Mueller, in Walpers annales botanices systematice iv. 825. The Sugary Eucalypt. Leaves scattered, broad- or oftener elongate-lanceolar, slightly curved, upwards very gradually narrowed, scantily or not perforated by oil-dots, with an oily lustre on both sides, somewhat paler beneath ; veins numerous, moderately spreading, the two longitudinal veins often distinctly removed from the edge; umbels lateral or axillary, frequently crowded below the leaves, on almost cylindric stalks, bearing from 4 to 16 flowers; stalklets shorter than the calyx; lid hemispheric, quite blunt or slightly pointed, much shorter than the bellshaped cylindric tube of the calyx; stamens all fertile, acutely inflexed in bud; anthers almost oval, opening with longitudinal slits ; style very short ; stigma not dilated ; fruét urnshaped-ellipsoid, longitudinally streaked ; attenuated into a conspicuous stalklet, 3-celled ; its rim narrow-compressed ; valves short, deeply enclosed ; placental axis about three times as long as wide; seeds without any membranous appendage, the sterile seeds mostly rather broad. Along Spencer’s Gulf in many places ; thence dispersed westward at least as far as Streaky Bay (Colonel Warburton) ; on the stony declivities of Mount Remarkable and at Wirrabara, ascending to considerable elevations (J. E. Brown); about the lower Wimmera (J. Allen) ; probably to be found yet in many interjacent localities. This tree, according to annotations from the Inspector-General of South-Australian forests, reaches a height of 120 feet, the trunk attaining a final diameter of 5 or even 6 feet at about 5 feet from the ground ; length of bole for timber up to 60 feet. Bark smooth (Leiophloiw). The wood has come into use for fence-posts and railway-sleepers ; its durability is attested by the fact, that posts fifteen years old showed no signs of decay. The sweetish foliage attracts cattle and sheep, which browse on the lower branches, saplings and seedlings, unlike what occurs with almost any other kind of Eucalypt (J. E. Brown), unless E. Gunnii. The specific name is derived from the calyx, somewhat clubshaped while in its unexpanded state. The nearest affinity of Eucalyptus corynocalyx is with E. urnigera (J. Hooker, in the London Journal of Botany vi. 477; Flora Tasmanica i. 134, t. lvi.), which species is however strictly confined to the alpine regions of Tasmania, and probably never attains a height over 50 feet ; moreover the leaves of the latter are of equal green on both sides and copiously beset with pellucid oil-glands ; nor is the tube of the calyx wrinkled or streaked. The shape of the unopened calyx distinguishes E. corynocalyx from any other species hitherto known. The growth of this tree is not of particular celerity, as noticed by me, while watching it under culture for very many years. Mr. Brown remarked, that the base of the stem enlarges into a wide expansion, forming almost a row of ascending little tiers. For a desert-country this is one of the most eligible among Timber-Eucalypts ; on such account I selected this species also, to introduce it into the more arid back-country of Algeria along with many other congeners, first transferred by me early to that part of the globe. It seems to have been this species, which attracted my attention as a valuable timber-tree, when I hurriedly crossed the Flinders-Ranges as far back as 1851. Among the Timber-Eucalypts, capable of bearing the often protracted droughts and also the extreme heat of desert-regions, may be noted as deserving primary consideration for quick wood-culture : E. polyanthema, EH. bicolor, E. salubris, EUCALYPTUS CORYNOCALYX. E. ochrophloia, E. salmonophloia and perhaps E. terminalis. Although E. rostrata is also able to bear the extremes of dry heat, and is for the bulk of its most durable timber far superior to any of the above named other desert-trees, yet it will not thrive away from places, where in clayey subsoil always some humidity exists ; hence it occurs only in oases or lines watercourses, though their beds may remain exsiccated for lengthened periods. Among the Eucalypts of the interior of Northern Australia may be some, also fit to cope with dry excessive heat of any desert-clime ; but most of them are not attaining tall stems, and we remained also hitherto almost unacquainted with the particularities of their timber in reference to technic applications ; but for fuel every one of them would be useful. Expianation or Anatytic Derarts.—l, unexpanded flowers of natural size; 2, one of the same cut longi- tudinally ; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther with filament ; 5, style and stigma ; 6, longitudinal section of a fruit; 7, transverse section of the same; 8 and 9, sterile and fertile seeds; 10, embryo; 11, the same, unfolded ; 12, section of leaf; 2-12 variously magnified. Sek, me tenement Melb. Gov Printing Office Steam Litho. lhucalyptus haemastoma. Sith EUCALYPTUS HAZMASTOMA. Smith, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society iii. 285 (1797); Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii, 219; F. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 51; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 212; E. micrantha, Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 217 ; memoire sur la famille des Myrtacées planche 5; E. signata, F. M., in the Journal of Proceedings of the Linnean Society iii. 85. Finally tall; leaves scattered, sickleshaped-lanceolar, occasionally much narrower or excep- tionally also verging to a somewhat oval form, shining and of equal green on both sides ; their lateral veins more longitudinal than transverse, the intramarginal vein somewhat removed from the edge; umbels mostly solitary, axillary or lateral or some paniculate, on angular and often somewhat compressed stalks, with from 5 to 10 or rarely more flowers on each; tube of calyx broadly obconical, about twice as long as the hemispheric depressed or slightly pointed small lid, not angular, attenuated into a stalklet of the same or somewhat greater length ; stamens short, inflected before expansion ; outer filaments sterile ; anthers of the fertile stamens cordate- kidneyshaped ; style very short; stigma not dilated; fruit semiovate, 4- or less frequently 5-celled ; its rim depressed or quite flat ; valves very short, deltoid, convergent, usually affixed very close to the summit of the fruit; placental axis about twice as long as broad; seeds without any appendage, the sterile seeds rather short and often comparatively broad. Known from Illawarra (Cunningham) to the vicinity of Wide Bay (Moore), ascending into the elevated country of New England. Bark frequently quite smooth or less usually persistent on the stem, but the branches then to a great extent smooth, the tree thus fluctuating between Leiophloiz and Hemiphloie. The variety micrantha with smaller flowers and fruits passes as White Gum-tree, Spotted Gum-tree or even Blue Gum-tree ; the ordinary form in its semipersistent state of bark as Blackbutt-tree and indeed under several other and misleading colonial vernaculars. The rim of the fruit is brownish-red, from which note the species derives its systematic name. E. hemastoma approaches in affinity very closely H. Sieberiana ; but its bark is not so deeply furrowed in its persistent portion on the stem; it is further distinguished by somewhat broader leaves with more spreading and more prominent veins, by the usually greater number of sterile stamens and by the frequently shorter fruit, which thus verges more into an hemispheric form. Both E. hemastoma and HE. Sieberiana belong to the series of Heterostemones, notwithstanding Mr. Bentham placing the latter into that of the Renanthere. Although the leaves of full-grown trees are like those of H. piperita, yet the seedlings are quite different, being perfectly smooth with their leaves opposite short-stalked and lanceolar, not rough broad and scattered as in E. piperita ; it differs also from that species in the often smooth bark, shorter calyx-lid, sterile stamens and the more truncate fruit with less contracted and broader rim. BE. hemastoma occurs however also occasionally with bark persisting up to the last branches, according to Mr. Wilkinson, and would then come under the category of the Stringybarks ; in such a state for instance it is known from the Dromedary-Range up to 1,500 feet above sea-level, in the silurian formation. Mr. C. Walter also notes what appears to be this species as a Stringybark-tree towards the Upper Yarra, though the operculum of the flowerbuds is more conical. The wood is not of any great value for timber-purposes and is apt soon to decay, but furnishes a fair sort of fuel and material for rough carpentry. EUCALYPTUS HAEMASTOMA. EXxPLaNaTion oF Anatytic Dstarts.—l, upper portion of calyx, the lid detached ; 2, longitudinal section of unexpanded flower; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of anther; 5, sterile and fertile stamens in situ; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of fruit; 9 and 10, sterile and fertile seeds; 11, portion of leaf ; all magnified. E. hemastoma is one of the few species, published already in the last century. As it is of some interest to note, how in a long series of years the members of this great genus became successively known, I append here a chronologic index of those, which hitherto have been recorded as well established species, though their validity has not yet in all instances been absolutely confirmed. 1788 : Eucalyptus obliqua L’Herit.; 1790: capitellata, resinifera, piperita Smith; 1793: tereticornis, robusta, corymbosa Smith ; 1797: botryoides, saligna, hemastoma, paniculata, pilu- laris Smith ; 1799: cornuta, globulus Labill.; 1802: marginata Smith ; 1806: viminalis, cor- data, amygdalina, incrassata Labill.; 1819: pulverulenta Sims; 1822: longifolia Link; 1826: alba Reinw.; 1827: eugenioides, pauciflora, stricta Sieb.; 1828: obtusiflora, cneorifolia, gom- phocephala, punctata Cand., stellulata Sieb. ; 1830: calophylla R. Br. ; 1832 : Moluccana, Roxb. ; 1837: occidentalis, rudis, decipiens Endl.; 1888: alpina Lindl.; 1842: macrocarpa, Hook. ; 1843: miniata, melliodora, clavigera, dumosa, dealbata Cunn., polyanthema, pruinosa, setosa, acmenoides, oligantha, eximia, ferruginea Schauer ; 1844: concolor, Preissiana, foecunda, redunca Schauer, spathulata, maculata Hook., Gunnii J. Hook., Lehmanni Preiss ; 1847: vernicosa, Ris- doni, coccifera, urnigera J. Hook., falcata, goniantha Turcz., odorata Behr, rostrata Schlcht. ; 1848 : citriodora, populifolia Hook.; 1849: uncinata, pyriformis, tetraptera Turcz., Decaisneana Bl.; 1852: erythronema, obcordata Turcz.; 1853: macrorrhyncha F. v. M.; 1854: Behriana, cosmophylla, gracilis, largiflorens, Leucoxylon, santalifolia F. v. M.; 1858: aspera, brachyandra, crebra, dichromophloia, exserta, hemilampra, latifolia, leptophleba, melanophloia, microtheca, odontocarpa, pachyphylla, patellaris, phcenicea, platyphylla, ptychocarpa, terminalis, tesselaris, tetrodonta, trachyphloia F. v. M.; 1859: albens Miq., goniocalyx, Stuartiana F.v. M.; 1860: corynocalyx, doratoxylon, erythrocorys, eudesmioides, ficifolia, hemiphloia, megacarpa, micro- corys, oleosa, F. v. M.; 1862: buprestium F. v. M.; 1863: angustissima, decurva, diversicolor, pallidifolia F. v. M.; 1864: tetragona F. v. M.; 1865: orbifolia F. v. M.; 1866: grandifolia, perfoliata R. Br., annulata, czesia, Drummondi, leptopoda, loxophleba, pachyloma, patens, peltata, siderophloia Benth., Bowmani, cinerea, drepanophylla, grossa, macrandra, micranthera F. v. M. ; 1869: pachypoda F. v. M.; 1875: Papuana F.v. M.; 1876: Rameliana, salubris, Youngiana F. v. M.; 1877: Raveretiana, Torelliana, Watsoniana, F. v. M.; 1878: Abergiana, Baileyana, Cleeziana, gamophylla, Luehmanniana, ochrophloia, Planchoniana, salmonophloia F. v. M.; 1879: Sieberiana, Kirtoniana F. v. M., Cooperiana F. v. M. inedit. athe Gov. Prinhng Office, Melb. 7 1 Steam lgucalyptus longifolia, Link & Otto Fv Bs! are ¢ Troedel & C2 L usten del PA EUCALYPTUS LONGIFOLIA. .~ Link, enumeratio plantarum horti regii botanici Berolinensis ii. 29 (1822) ; Link et Otto, icones plantarum selectarum horti regii botanici Berolinensis 97, t. 45 (1826); Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 216; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii, 227 ; E. Woollsii; F.v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 50. The “ Woolly Butt.” Finally tall ; leaves scattered, elongate-lanceolar or more or less sickleshaped, of equal green on both sides, not shining; Tateral veins subtle, very spreading and rather close to each other, the circumferential vein only slightly distant from the margin of the leaves ; flowerstalks slender, often curved, of conspicuous length, with from two to four flowers ; stalklets as long as the calyx or variously shorter ; lid conical, as well as the tube of the calyx pale, the latter broadly obconical, hardly as long as the former ; stamens all fertile, inflexed while unexpanded ; anthers cuneate- or oblong-oval, their cells parallel and slit longitudinally ; stigma not dilated ; fruits rather large, semiovate-belishaped, the rim ascendant or channelled, the vertex very convex ; valves 4, rarely 5 or 3, enclosed ; seeds without any appendage, the sterile seeds mostly narrow. In forest-land from the lower Genoa-River to the neighborhood of Port Jackson, scattered along the coast-country, thence extending to the base of the Blue Mountains. A tree, known to attain under favorable circumstances a height of 150 feet. Bark persistent, grey, rough or wrinkled, somewhat fibrous. Wood in request for fuel, less for timber, as it is often traversed by Kino-sediments. When sound, the wood is sought for wheelwrights’ work, according to Sir William Macarthur ; other authorities have established its durability for fences. Leaves exceptionally nearly 1 foot long; their oil-dots usually somewhat concealed, though copious. Flowers seldom solitary, not rarely larger than illustrated; tube of the calyx with two to four or without any angles ; lid sometimes protracted into a beak-like apex ; rim of the fruit-calyx variable in width, but never narrow. Connective of the anthers conspicuously callous- glandular. Seedlings smooth, their leaves narrow, paler beneath ; some of their earlier leaves opposite, the rest soon scattered. Without access to the illustration, issued from the Berlin Botanic Garden, I failed originally to identify this species, although alluding then already to its apparent affinity. EB. longifolia is not easily mistaken for any other of its congeners ; it has however some external resemblance in its floral organs and in its fruit to E. Leucoxylon and E. cesia ; but the former of these belongs to the Heterostemones, and both differ in having the rim of the fruit internally descendent, not externally ascendant ; irrespective of this they are both separated by other differences. The resemblance to H. erythronema and EH. cosmophylla is still less marked. Dr. Josef Moeller has given a histologic account of the bark of this tree (in der Zeitschrift des allgemeinen oesterreichischen Apotheker-Vereins 1875, n. 15), to which essay I shall refer fully in connection with the histology of other Hucalyptus-barks on some future occasion. Expianation oF Anatytic Detarts.—l, upper part of calyx, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3, stamens in situ; 4 and 5, front- and back-view of an anther ; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of a fruit; 9 and 10, sterile and fertile seeds; 11, portion of a leaf; 1 and 3, natural size ; 2 and 4 to 11, more or less magnified. The bark of E. longifolia can be converted into packing-paper, as shown already during the International Exhibition of 1867, when also Kino-tannic acid was prepared in my laboratory from the bark of this tree, the yield proving 8°3 per cent. The percentage of Kino-tannic acid in the EUCALYPTUS LONGIFOLIA. bark of different Eucalypts is very variable, as may be noted from experiments, instituted under my directions by Mr. L. Rummel, fresh bark being used for the purpose, the tannic principle loosing its solubility and also its efficiency to some extent by exsiccation and chemical decom- position. Kino-tanni In 100 parts of fresh Bark. ena Water. Eucalyptus Leucoxylon (rough-barked) wes acs 21°94 51°13 globulus a ey ace aa ee 4°84 51°54 rostrata on ase aes ane one 8°22 51°16 Gunnii aes aes mas _ aes 3°44 54°09 polyanthema ... ae se oe aes 3°97 46°66 melliodora... ae ass one ee 4°03 54°94 obliqua wae aes ‘eee aes eee 2°50 36°81 obliqua kas aes aes wee aie 4°19 51°59 amygdalina (rough-barked) eas ose eas 3°40 43°25 amygdalina (rough-barked) see aes sis 3:22 39°63 goniocalyx ... 0 ose eas ose 4°62 51:00 goniocalyx ... ae rr one ue 4°12 45°50 macrorrhyncha cad aie aes tad 11°12 35°91 macrorrhyncha aoe oes tee see 13°41 39°56 viminalis (smooth-bark) wee tos on 4°88 52°88 viminalis (rough-bark) aes ase eae 5°03 54°10 viminalis (young-tree) ... sue awe Sue 5°97 55°03 a Mee Vets wih Gov Troune Steat. Litho. hucalyptus melliodora . Cunningham RAusten del et lun EUCALYPTUS MELLIODORA. Allan Cunningham, in Walpers repertorium botanices systematice ii. 924 (1848); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 210; F. v. M., Introduction to Botanic Teachings, 15, fig. vii. The honey-scented Eucalypt or Yellow Box-tree. Leaves scattered, narrow lanceolar or somewhat sickleshaped, sometimes verging into an oblong or oval form, not very long, mostly of a dull-green on both pages, seldom shining ; their lateral veins neither very spreading nor very numerous nor usually prominent, the marginal vein distinctly removed from the edge ; oil-dots rather copious, but many concealed ; umbels axillary or lateral and solitary or terminal and often partly paniculate, on short slender stalks, usually with from 4 to 7, seldom 3 or 8, small flowers; calyx on a thin stalklet ; its tube semiovate or broadly obverse-conical, nearly as long as or sometimes distinctly longer than the semiglobular- conical blunt or somewhat acute lid ; outer stamens destitute of anthers ; filaments pale ; anthers very minute, nearly as broad as long, upwards dilated, opening near the summit with pores or short slits; stigma much dilated ; fruit truncate-semiovate, small, not angular, 5- to 6- or sometimes 4-celled ; rim not strongly compressed, comparatively broad or ascendant ; placental axis hardly twice as long as broad; valves very short, quite enclosed ; seeds very small, without any expanding membrane. af Chiefly on ridges, from the Pyrenees and Loddon extending widely south- and eastward through the colony of Victoria and far into New South Wales, reaching New England and the upper tributaries of the Darling-River northward, with us chiefly occurring in the silurian formation, but also descending into valleys of the pleistocene age and even to the coastlands, but according to Mr. Wilkinson occurring also in the granitic and Devonian formation, never ascending to high elevations. The “ Dargan” of the Gippsland aboriginal tribes. A middle-sized tree, but exceptionally attaining a height of about 250 feet (Howitt, Falck) and a basal stem-diameter of 8 feet (Robinson). Bark outside brownish-grey, inside yellowish or | sometimes almost gamboge-color when first removed (Wilkinson), more or less persistent on the _ stem, the persistent portion thick and slightly fibrous, often contorted and turned about zig-zag in all manners of ways (Robinson). Branches often to a large extent or entirely smooth. Timber of a yellowish color and when dry extremely hard, very durable and heavy, also of remarkable toughness, but difficult to work and as a rule not fissile ; in texture much like that of E. rostrata ; much utilized for spokes, rollers, heavy framework and for the best of naves, cogs and treenails, also for rougher kinds of work such as telegraph- and fence-posts, rails and slabs. It cannot well be sawn into planks on account of the frequent occurrence of broad perpendicular slits or cracks intervening between the layers, thus apt also to shell concentrically. In splitting, to use Mr. Howitt’s words, it is necessary to back it off, as it will not quarter. Excellent for fuel. The specific gravity of fully seasoned wood varies from about 0°965 to 1-125, or 60 to 70 lbs. per cubic foot. Branches often pendulous, the branchlets mostly very slender. Stalklets of flowers and fruits not seldom longer than exhibited in the illustration. The tree will live on poor soil, but it is not of particularly quick growth. It bore since very many ‘years the name of “Yellow Box,” under which appellation it was noted already in Dr. Leichhardt’s collection in 1843. Long ago in my official report to the Victorian Parliament, submitted in 1869, I pointed out, that a ton of fresh branches and leaves of E. melliodora would EUCALYPTUS MELLIODORA. furnish about 2 lbs. 12 ozs. of pure potash, but much more crude pearlash, according to an experiment instituted in my laboratory. The medullary rays are very distinct, occurring in four or less rows of elongated cells longitudinally conjoint ; the vascular tubes show a diameter of only about 0°09 mm. or often less width, with comparatively thick and copiously dotted walls. Dr. Josef Moeller first observed, that the Parenchyma is more extensively developed in the wood of this species than in that of many other Eucalypts, contrasting well by its delicate cell-walls and irregular contour with the less wide and roundish transverse section of the wood-fibres, the diameter of the latter being only about 0°012 mm. E. melliodora differs as a species from E. Leucoxylon irrespective of the differences of the wood, in the less deeply furrowed persistent portion of the bark and in the yellowish tinge of its inner layers, in usually smaller leaves, flowers and fruits, shorter flowerstalks and mostly also less elongated stalklets, further in more numerous flowers of the umbels with a tendency to a partially paniculate disposition, often in a less pointed lid and in the fruit generally more contracted at the orifice. The leaves of seedlings are scattered, often oval or oblong and slightly stalked, while in E. Leucoxylon they are as a rule opposite, sessile and broader towards the base ; but these discriminations need to be still further followed up. Expianation oF Anatytic Detaits.—1, summit of calyx, lid detached; 2, longitudinal section of unexpanded flower ; 3, some sterile and fertile stamens in situ ; 4.and 5, front- and back-view of anther; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of fruit ; 9, seeds ; 10, portion of a leaf; all variously magnified. a %, Ss N swan es peas ie 5 Q N se, Melb. EE 7 Soy Printing © ares Steam EUCALYPTUS MICROCORYS. F. v. M., fragmenta phytographia Australie ii. 60 (1860); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 212. The “ Wangee.” Finally very tall ; Zeaves scattered, narrow- or oftener broad-lanceolar and somewhat sickleshaped, of thin almost papery consistence, most copiously porous or dotted with oil-glands, paler and opaque beneath ; their veins very fine, numerous and very much spreading, the longitudinal veins mostly near to the edge; the terminal umbels paniculate, the axillary umbels solitary, each bearing four to nine flowers; general flowerstalks compressed, but not broadly dilated ; flowerbuds passing rather gradually into their stalklet and with them assuming a clubshaped form ; lid minute, membranous, depressed-hemispherical, hardly pointed, considerably shorter than the tube of the calyx ; stamens inflexed in bud ; outer filaments with imperfect or mostly without anthers, often thickened towards the summit; anthers of the perfect stamens very minute, almost heartshaped, opening by slits; style very short and thin ; stigma not dilated ; fruit small, truncate-ovate, 83-4-celled, with a narrow rim; placental axis more than twice as long as broad ; valves deltoid, reaching to near the summit of the fruit or slightly beyond it ; fertile seeds broader and less angular than the sterile seeds, without any membranous appendage. Dispersed from the vicinity of Cleveland-Bay (W. Hill) to the Hastings-River (H. Beckler) in forest-country or on arid or even sandy hills along the coast-side of the ranges, descending to their base. A tree, attaining very considerable height, although flowering already in a dwarf state, called “ Wangee” by the natives of the Richmond-River, but Forest-Mahogany by the local colonists according to Mr. Fawcett, and “ Tee” by the tribes on the Brisbane-River according to Mr. Bailey. Bark persistent to the utmost branches, lamellar and fuzzy from interwoven and wavy fibres, wrinkled, not much crackling in fire, soft to the touch. Wood very durable, also underground, locally much drawn into use for naves, felloes and spokes, adapted also for lasting railway cross-ties. The foliage is evidently rich in volatile oil, and the chemical and technical properties of this oil should be tested. The general figure of the illustration fairly represents the average dimensions of the leaves, flowers and fruits. This species pertains to the section of Rhytiphloiz of the cortical system, unless the bark should prove so fibrous, as to indicate a transfer of this tree to the Pachyphloiz. Its nearest affinity among the Heterostemones is with H. hemastoma, with the small variety of which, namely E. micrantha (Candolle prodrom. syst. nat. regn. veg. iii. 217; mémoire des myrtacées t. 5) it shares the minuteness of the calyx-lid, from which the specific appellation of E. microcorys was derived ; the bark however is not smooth even on the branches, the leaves are not of equal color on both sides nor shining underneath, besides they are of thinner consistence, while the veins are more spreading and less prominent ; indeed, as pointed out by me nearly twenty years ago, the leaves of E. microcorys resemble much those of the West Australian E. marginata, a species in other respects very different. The fruit of E. microcorys is longer and particularly narrower than that of E. hemastoma var. micrantha, and its terminal border is neither broad nor depressed. In B. paniculata, which in some respects also approaches E. microcorys, the bark is deeply furrowed and not unfrequently (particularly in trees from the desert) much seceding, the leaves are nearly of equal color on both sides, not very shining above and not or less copiously perforated by oil- pores, the stomata are not confined to the lower page although those of the surface are about six times less in number than those beneath, the flowerbuds are thicker, the lid is much more convex and substantial or even gradually pointed, the anthers are dilated upwards and not broader than EUCALYPTUS MICROCORYS. long, thus not approaching those of the section Renanthere, the stigma is distinctly dilated, the fruit is broader, also in proportion to its width shorter and rather suddenly not gradually contracted into the stalklet. Mr. Fawcett reports, that this is the tallest Eucalyptus-tree of the Richmond-River District, rising to 300 feet height ; thus this species, considering also the excellent quality of its timber, ought to attract attention for wood-culture in humid tracts of countries as well in Australia as abroad. No data are hitherto extant, to rate the celerity of growth of the Wangee. ExpLaNation oF Anatytic Detaits.—1, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 2, some sterile and fertile stamens in situ; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of a fertile stamen; 5, style and stigma; 6, longitudinal section of a fruit ; 7, transverse section of the same; 8 and 9, sterile and fertile seeds; 10, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but in various degrees. Rae eT Steam Litho Gov.-Prnung Office Melb. FAcsten del ex bth. lhucalyptus eo eae fb Mel Ly Steam Litho Gov. Prinung Offic durexit. Kucalyptus Sieberiama. /’'v I, FyuMmM PAoten del. erLath EUCALYPTUS SIEBERIANA. E. virgata, Sieber, in Sprengel systema vegetabilium, cure posteriores 195 (1827); Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 217 (1828); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii, 202; Spicer, Handbook of the Plants of Tasmania, 149 (1878). The “ Yowut.” Finally tall ; leaves scattered, sickleshaped-lanceolar, shining and nearly of equal color on both sides, more or less “ironsparsnatly dotted ; their lateral veins more longitudinal than transverse and faint, the intramarginal vein somewhat removed from the edge or evanescent ; umbels mostly solitary with 10-4 flowers, rarely still fewer; jlowerstalk usually strongly com- pressed ; lid of the calyx hemispheric, quite blunt or oftener slightly pointed ; tube of the calyx short, almost semiglobular, but attenuated into a rather thick short or not much elongated stalklet, slightly or doubly longer than the lid; stamens inflexed while unexpanded ; outer stamens sterile, with imperfect or without anthers ; fertile anthers almost kidneyshaped, pale ; stigma not dilated ; fruit semiovate and somewhat pearshaped, 3- or sometimes 4- rarely 5-celled, its rim depressed or quite flat, seldom through descent narrowed ; valves deltoid, very short, convergent, usually affixed very close to the summit of the fruit; seeds without any appendage, the sterile rather short, but often comparatively broad. In the forests towards the Upper Yarra-waters and of Gippsland, ascending to 4,000 feet elevation, extending along the Genoa up to the White Rock Mountains (F. M.), scattered along the coast-regions of New South Wales (Kirton), passing on to the Blue Mountains, ascending in the silurian formation the Dromedary-Ranges to 1,500 feet (Wilkinson), occurring also on low moist sandy tracts between the Glenelg-River and Mount Gambier and Lake Bonney (Dr. Wehl), reappearing in Tasmania, frequent there on granitic coast-ridges and in valleys of rather sandy or stony soil as well as on slate-hills, from Falmouth to George’s Bay, occurring also on hills of the sandstone-formation north of St. Mary (Bissill, Simson) and on Hast Mount Field at elevations of from 1,000 to 1,500 feet (F. v. M.). A lofty tree (height 150 feet or even more), with a straight stem, which attains 5 feet in diameter, but in the cripply Stringybark-forests near Lake Bonney dwarfed to 10 or 12 feet, though amply flowering. The trunk, to use Mr. Wilkinson’s words, covered with deeply furrowed bark of dark-brown color, resembling that of Ironbark, but not so hard, nor so solid, nor so fibrous as that of the typical Stringybark. Branches smooth and pale. Mr. Simson calls the bark of the stem very thick and very rough, scored down with seams, not to be pulled off like Stringybark. On account of its much furrowed stem-bark the tree is called in Tasmania “ Tron- bark-tree,” or on account of the smooth limbs “ Gumtop” Eucalyptus, | by which name it is also known af Wilson’s Promontory. At Twofold Bay and Berrima (Woolls) it passes as “ Mountain Ash” and in some other places still more perplexing names are bestowed on this tree. Hence it seems best to adopt the name of “ Yowut” for it, by which, according to Mr. Howitt, it is known among the Gippsland-tribes. The specific appellation now offered is also a new one, inasmuch as the original adjective “virgata” is very misleading, because only under very exceptional circumstances is this usually tall timber-tree reduced to a virgate or twiggy state; neither is there anything streaked or striped about the stem to justify the designation virgate in an other sense of the word. Moreover De Candolle and Sprengel attribute to Sieber’s plant a conical lid of the length of the calyx-tube, and such more frequently was also seen by Bentham, but this is not in consonance with the ordinary state of H. Sieberiana as now here defined, and may apply to a different species. EUCALYPTUS SIEBERIANA. The trunk is sawn into good timber, and it is also used for posts and rails ; wood among other purposes recommended for shafts ; it resembles much more that of our Blue Gum-tree, than that of our Stringybark-trees ; it is hard and when seasoned difficult to cut, but burns well even when fresh. Mr. A. W. Howitt finds the wood of superior quality, light, tough and elastic, used for swingle-trees of buggies, ploughs &c., but it will not endure underground. Mr. Simson further observes, that this species is more branching than any other Tasmanian Eucalypt, very often going off into several large limbs at 20 feet or even less. The nearest affinity of E. Sieberiana rests clearly with E. hemastoma, but the stem-bark of the former is far more ridged than that of the latter ; the veins of the leaves are less spreading and also less prominent, while the fruit is usually longer, more exactly semiovate and never verging towards an hemispheric form ; the red rim of the fruit, significant of the name of EH. hemastoma, can also often be observed in E. Sieberiana. The width of the flowerstalk is evidently variable, indeed occasionally it is hardly compressed. E. Sieberiana differs from E. pauciflora, Sieb. (H. coriacea, Cunn.), in the persistency of the stem-bark, in the leaves hardly so shining and not quite so thick, the veins less prominent and also less longitudinal, and not several veins starting together from the base of the leaves, in the flowerstalks nearly always compressed, in the stamens not being all or nearly all fertile, in rather smaller anthers, smaller fruits often conspicuously longer than broad on generally more extended stalklets. The differences, by which H. Sieberiana is distinguished from E. obliqua, are obvious, consisting in the less fibrous and more rugged bark, not coating branches as well as stem as in the latter species, in the less fissile wood, the rather finer veins of its leaves, usually more dilated flowerstalks, the stamens only partially fertile, the fruits upwards less contracted, with a much broader rim, usually less suddenly tapering into the stalklets and valves not so deeply inserted. The Rev. W. W. Spicer, M.A., in his meritorious “Handbook of the Plants of Tasmania,” published last year, refers at page 149 first to this Eucalypt as Tasmanian. The traveller Franz Wilhelm Sieber of Prague secured for botanical science this Eucalypt with many other plants of New South Wales in 1823, while collecting for several months in that colony. Expianation or Anatytic Deratts.—l, upper portion of calyx, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of a flowerbud; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther; 5, sterile and fertile stamens in situ; 6, style with stigma; 7, longitudinal section of fruit; 8, transverse section of fruit; 9 and 10, sterile and fertile seeds; 11, embryo uncoiled ; 12, embryo in its natural position ; 13, portion of a leaf; i4, pellice with stomates, the latter very much magnified ; the other figures moderately but variously enlarged. 9 aeeaernees ae estes ache OTRO (OAR re toe TUrcZanlnow. aed . ( x trap 8 MUS 0)! Z AY; ~ Mea -) hy iw EUCALYPTUS TETRAPTERA. Turczaninow, in Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes de Moscou, 1849, part ii. 22; F.v. M., fragmenta phyto- graphie Australie ii. 34; Bentham, flora Australiensis, iii, 228; E. acutangula, Turczaninow, in Bulletin de Yacademie des sciences de Petersbourg 1852, p. 418. Shrubby, branchlets very robust ; leaves scattered, of exceedingly thick consistence, oblong- or sickleshaped-lanceolar or less commonly oval, shining on both sides; veins very subtle, the peripheric vein slightly distant from the margin; flowers very large, axillary, solitary, on a recurved flat and very broad stalk ; tube of the calyx almost obverse-pyramidal, sharply quadran- gular, broader than the pyramidal-conical lid and considerably longer, each of the angles of the tube produced at the apex into a short tooth; stamens red, inflected in the bud; anthers oval, terminated by a black-purple gland, opening with longitudinal slits ; stigma hardly broader than the style; fruit bellshaped-quadrangular or sometimes only with two angular ridges ; placental axis about twice as long as broad; valves four, deltoid, well enclosed ; seeds without any broad membranous appendage. From the Fitzgerald-River dispersed to near Cape Le Grand and Mount Rugged, particularly on granitic hills (Drummond and Maxwell). A shrub, seldom exceeding 10 feet in height. Branchlets either almost cylindrical or promi- nently quadrangular. Leaves usually 3-5 inches long, attaining however exceptionally a length of nearly a foot, very rigid, hence the oil-glands buried and concealed ; the lateral veins copious and parallel. Flowers almost pendent ; their stalk shorter than the tube of the calyx, attaining occasionally a breadth of nearly ? inch; stalklet none. Tube of the calyx about 14 inch long, smooth, not rarely assuming a reddish hue ; lid somewhat wrinkled, scarcely exceeding } an inch in length, quadrangular. Anthers purplish; pollen very pale, not yellow. Style exceeded in length by the stamens. Fruits attaining up to 3 inches in length, very woody ; their rim concave. Sterile seeds variable in width, but usually much more slender than the fertile seeds. This singular species, one of the most ornamental of the genus, was introduced by me into the Melbourne Botanic Garden about twenty years ago, and from thence abroad. It remained during lengthened culture of shrubby size. This affords an apt opportunity of alluding to the other species with remarkably large fruits, although EH. tetraptera is not closely akin to any of them in its characteristics. They are E. miniata and H. ptychocarpa from Carpentaria and Arnhem’s Land; HE. Watsoniana and BH. Abergiana from Eastern Queensland ; HE. Preissiana, E. pyriformis, HE. erythrocorys, E. macrocarpa, E. fici- folia, E. calophylla and HE. Youngiana from South-West Australia, where evidently the kinds with fruits of very conspicuous size are more extensively represented than elsewhere. E. megacarpa and E. buprestium offer also rather large-sized fruits, surpassing not rarely those of E. globulus. For ornamentation in shrubberies H. tetraptera is perhaps still more eligible than E. pyri- formis, E. Preissiana, E. erythrocorys and E. macrocarpa, though these shrubs only in their floral beauty can rival with E. miniata, E. phoenicea and E. ficifolia, but not in the tall grandeur of the three last-mentioned species. The purple-flowered variety of E. Leucoxylon ranks also quite ag ornamental and so E. cornuta and especially the closely allied E. Lehmanni. Expianation or Anatytic Detatts.—l, unexpanded flower, lid separated; 2, longitudinal section of an advanced flowerbud ; 3, back- and front-view of a stamen ; 4, longitudinal section of a young fruit; 5, longitudinal section of a half-ripe fruit; 6, flowers of a large variety; 7 and 8, sterile and fertile seeds; 9, portion of a leaf; 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6, natural size; 3, 7, 8 and 9, variously magnified. EUCALYPTUS TETRAPTERA. The bye-following lithographic plate presents transverse anther-sections of many Eucalypts, pertaining to Bentham’s series “Normales” (Parallelanthere), to which also EH. tetraptera belongs. These lithograms give readily an idea of the relative width, the distances of the dehiscence-lines and the curvature of the valves, peculiar to the anthers of the respective species ; and thus also at a glance the size and form of the connective may be contrasted. In a similar manner hereafter sections of the Renanthere, Heterostemones, Poranthere and Micranthere will be provided, to be followed by full drawings of the anthers of many different species of all the series, side by side. TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF ANTHERS OF VARIOUS EUCALYPTS. (Series : Normales ; diametric augmentation 28 times.) 1. Eucalyptus Abergiana, F. v. M. 30. Eucalyptus longifolia, Link. 2. aspera, F. v. M. 31. loxophleba, Benth. 3. botryoides, Sm. 32. macrandra, F. v. M. 4, calophylla, R. Br. 33. macrocarpa, Hook. 5. concolor, Schauer. 34, maculata, Hook. 6. conoidea, Benth. 35. miniata, Cunn. de cornuta, Lab. 36. occidentalis, Endl. 8. corymbosa, Sm. 37. pachyloma, Benth. 9. cosmophylla, F. v. M. 38, patens, Benth. 10. dealbata, Cunn. 39. Preissiana, Schauer. 11. decurva, F. v. M. 40, ptychocarpa, F. v. M. 12, diversicolor, F. v. M. 41, pulverulenta, Sims, 13. Doratoxylon, F. v. M. 42. pyriformis, Turcz. 14, Drummondi, Benth, 43, redunca, Schauer. 15. dumosa, Cunn. 44, resinifera, Sm. 16. erythrocorys, F. v. M. 45, robusta, Sm. 17. eudesmioides, F. v. M. 46. rostrata, Schlecht. 18. falcata, Turcz. 47, rudis, Endl. 19. ficifolia, F. v. M. 48. saligna, Sm, 20. foecunda, Schauer. 49, setosa, Schauer. 21. globulus, Lab. 50. Stuartiana, F. v. M. 22. gomphocephala, Cand. 51, tereticornis, Sm. 23. goniantha, Turcz. 52. terminalis, F, v. M. 24, goniocalyx, F. v. M. 53. tetragona, F, v. M. 25. grossa, F. v. M. 54, tetraptera, Turcz. 26. Gunnii, J. Hook. 55. vernicosa, J. Hook. 27. incrassata, Lab. 56. viminalis, Lab. 28. latifolia, F. v. M. 57. Watsoniana, F. v. M. 29. Lehmanni, Preiss. 58. Youngiana, F. v. M. Bios 36 eS BIA, JS a = 3 = 2 3 a aa oS RO ict Be = a a > 52) bo 2 3 I 4 5 a oO ae wa Fv M. ditext kucalyptus - Anthers, LRummel del C.Troedel & 6° Lith [TaNSVETSE SECTIONS. EUCALYPTOGRAPHIA. ~eeeSeS™ A DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS OF THE KUCALYPTS OF AUSTRALIA AND THE ADJOINING ISLANDS; BY BARON FERD. VON MUELLER, K.CM.G, M. & PHD, PRS, GOVERNMENT BOTANIST FOR THE COLONY OF VICTORIA. “NON SUCCIDES ARBORES, NEC SECURIBUS DEBES VASTARE EARUM REGIONEM.”—Liber Deuteronomii xx. 19. THIRD DECADE. MELBOURNE : JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. PUBLISHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITTLE COLLINS STREET. LONDON : TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL; AND GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE. M DCCC LXXIx. (elope Le Ye ‘ entePTAE SRRINTREi, on 1 H RET ey Steam Litho Gov, Printing Office, Melb F.v.M. direxit. lgucalyptus Baileyana, /v// Todt del. C.Troedel &C° Lith. EUCALYPTUS BAILEYANA. F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie xi. 37 (1878). Finally tall; branchlets angular towards the summit; leaves scattered, of thin consistence, sickleshaped-lanceolar, somewhat shining, of equal green on both sides, copiously dotted; their veins moderately spreading, very thin, the circumferential vein somewhat removed from the edge ; umbels lateral and axillary, solitary or some short-paniculate and terminal, with 5-10 or rarely 3-4 flowers ; stalks slightly angular ; stalklets short and thick ; tube of the calyx almost semi- ovate, not angular, not much longer than the nearly hemispheric lid, both not shining ; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; anthers broadly cordate, opening by divergent slits ; stigma not dilated; fruits rather large, globular-urnshaped, 3-celled ; margin of the orifice thinly com- pressed ; valves deltoid, slightly exserted or hardly extending beyond the orifice ; seeds without any appendage. On poor somewhat sandy ridges near Moreton-Bay with H. Planchoniana; Bailey. A tree attaining fully 150 feet in height, the stem rising up to 50 feet, with a diameter seldom exceeding 4 feet. Bark fibrous, persistent as well on the branches as on the stem, the inner portion tough and yellowish. Wood also of a yellow tinge, according to the discoverer, Mr. F. M. Bailey, through whose active zeal and gift for observing discrimination we are made acquainted during later years with so many additional data concerning the rich vegetation of Queensland. Mass of foliage dense and shady. From the above note it will be observed, that this is one of the Stringybark-trees, though very distinct from any others of that group, namely HE. acmenoides, B. capitellata, E. marginata, E. macrorrhyncha, E. obliqua, E. piperita, E. Stuartiana, E. tetrodonta, to which may be added the typical E. amygdalina with persistent bark, irrespective of some smaller species, which cannot properly be counted among timber-trees. The wood is tough and durable and sought for various implements, such as tool-handles, also for posts and rails. BE. Baileyana differs from EH. Bowmanii in the following respects: the leaves are more shining, of a darker green, of a thinner consistence, more distinctly and less divergently veined, while the copious oil-dots are very visible ; the flowers are smaller and distinctly provided with stalklets, whereas the stalks of the umbels are not broadly compressed ; the lid is much shorter and not semiovate-conical ; the anthers are broader, indicating an approach to the Renanthere, thus the slits of their cells are evidently divergent and not almost parallel, while the terminal gland of the anthers is more obvious ; further the style is thinner and the stigma smaller. The comparison of these two species cannot be extended to its carpologic characteristics, the fruit of E. Bowmanii still remaining unknown, the latter species not yet having been refound anywhere in Queensland since the death of the lamented finder. The tree from Port Denison, alluded to under E. Bowmanii by Bentham (flora Australiensis ii. 220) belongs to E. drepanophylla. The last-mentioned species (F. M., in Bentham’s flora Australiensis ii. 221) when compared with E. Baileyana has narrower leaves of a paler hue, with more numerous and also more spreading veins, without easily discerned pellucid oil-dots; the stalklets are thinner; the anthers are roundish, with nearly parallel cells like those of H. Bowmanii, while the fruit is totally different, being small, semiovate, with half-emerging valves. The only other species, with which E. Baileyana could perhaps be confused, is E. trachyphloia (F. M., in the Journal of the Linnean Society iti. 221 ; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 221; F. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie xi. 43) ; its leaves are paler beneath and their veins very EUCALYPTUS BAILEYANA. divergent and copious; the stalklets are thin; the lid is much smaller and exceeded in width and still more so in length by the tube of the calyx, separating moreover by an irregular rupture and not a clearly defined circumcision; the anthers are ovate, whereas the fruit is much smaller, nearly twice as long as broad with deeply enclosed valves. Finally it may be observed, that HE. Baileyana exhibits great resemblance to E. eugenioides both in leaves and flowers, although the fruits are so very decidedly different and resemble those of E. dichromophloia. The Kino of this species contains about 35 per cent. gum. ExpianatTion of Anatyric Detarzs.—l, unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of a stamen; 5, style and stigma; 6 and 7, longitudinal and transverse section of a fruit ; 8, seeds ; 9, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but in various degrees. tTinung Office. Melb. Gor eam. Litho ne a aay rex EUCALYPTUS CAPITELLATA. Smith, in White’s Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, 216 (1790); Smith, a Specimen of the Botany of New Holland 42 (1793) ; Transactions of the Linnean Society iii, 285 (1797) ; Wendland, collectio plantarum, t. 36 ; De Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 218; Kippist, in F. M. fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 173; E. piperita, Reichenbach, Magazin der esthetischen Botanik, t. 42, according to Bentham. Head-flowered Stringybark-tree. Finally tall; leaves scattered, elongate- or sickleshaped- lanceolar, of comparatively thick consistence, shining on both sides and often more intensely so on the upper page, dark-green, usually very inequilateral towards the base; oil-dots copious, mostly concealed ; the lateral veins moderately spreading, the intramarginal vein distinctly removed from the edge; wmbels capitate, lateral or axillary, solitary or some paniculate, on angular or almost cylindrical stalks, bearing from 4 to 15 flowers not of large size ; stalklets none or exceedingly short ; tube of the calyx semiovate-obconical, angular, from hardly longer to about twice as long as the hemispheric or convex-conical lid, not very much attenuated at the base ; stamens all fertile, inflexed while unexpanded ; anthers broadly cordate or somewhat kidney- shaped; stigma not broader than the apex of the style; frudt-calyx almost hemispherical, with an amply protruding convex vertex ; valves wholly exserted, 4 or sometimes 3 or 5, deltoid, hardly as long as or shorter than the width of the rim, the latter rarely flat; the sterile seeds mostly not very narrow, all without any appendage. From the southern parts of New South Wales to Gippsland, as well in the shore-regions as in mountain-elevations, occurring westward at least as far as Lake Bonney. From a flowering branchlet, destitute of fruit, sent by Dallachy, it would appear that E. capi- tellata extends northward to Rockingham’s Bay. Bark stringy, outside greyish, persistent, reaching far up the branches, the branchlets alone smooth. The tree attains a maximum-height of about 200 feet, but as a rule is less tall. Near the south-eastern borders of South Australia it occurs, as first observed by Dr. Wehl, often in a cripply state, forming dwarf forests on moist sandy ridges or occurring even in the wet Melaleuca-flats or so-called Teatree-swamps. It furnishes a good timber for splitting and all such other purposes, for which Stringybark-wood is drawn into use. E. capitellata may occur still further westward, but the distinction of the closely allied E. santalifolia from the vicinity of St. Vincent’s Gulf, Spencer’s Gulf and even the eastern country of the Great Bight, is as yet not clearly established. are at first ae but soon scattered, seated on very short stalks ; ; they are - a narrow oblong- lanceolar form and darker above, thus indicating their horizontal expansion in the early youth of the plant. The number of stomata on the pages of the leaves in upgrown trees is not about equal, as in E. macrorrhyncha, there being often considerably more on the underside than on the surface. From the last-mentioned species, to which it is closely allied, it differs further in mostly smaller flowers, in the blunt or less pointed and generally shorter lid of the calyx, and in the tube of the calyx being visibly angular and not narrowly attenuated into a stalklet. The extending “convex vertex of the fruit separates H. capitellata and HE. macrorrhyncha from all other tall Stringybark-trees. HE. eugenioides approaches also closely to H. capitellata, differing chiefly in somewhat narrower leaves of less rigidity, equally shining on both sides, with the oil-dots often more perspicuous, in the calyces being often rather distinctly attenuated into a short stalklet, in the lid usually more pointed and in proportion to the calyx tube also more elongated, in the fruits EUCALYPTUS CAPITELLATA. generally smaller, more truncated and with narrower rim ; when the latter occurs broader, then the similarity of the fruit-calyx to that of E. hemastoma becomes more obvious. On the whole E. eugenioides seems as much allied to EH. capitellata as to E. piperita ; and although the latter species is more similar in leaves and flowers, it appears to be always quite different in fruit, reminding in the narrowness of the rim as well as in the enclosed fruit-valves rather of HE. obliqua. The variety brachycorys, doubtfully referred by Bentham to E. macrorrhyncha, from New England (near Timbarra) at elevations of about 2,000 feet, may possibly be a form of E. capitellata, with which it shares the blunt lid, though the calyces are attenuated into distinct and slender stalklets ; but the bark of this tree, though stringy, is said to be separating in patches, and curiously enough the tree is locally called Spotted Gum-tree. The fruits are rather more depressed. Expanded flowers remained unknown. This species might with advantage be reared in wet sand-lands. Although the recognition of the Eucalypts, as among the most important of trees for Hardwood-culture, belongs only to the researches of the second half of the present secular period, still nearly all the most celebrated species of this genus, though the most extensive of that of timber-trees in the whole British Empire, became descriptively known in phytographic science already at the end of the last and at the beginning of the present century! So it was with the species here now anew defined and with E. obliqua, on which the genus was established, among leading Stringybark-trees ;—so with H. tereticornis, which includes as a variety our famous Red Gum-tree,—so with E. marginata, yielding the almost imperishable Yarrah-timber,—so with E. globulus, our Blue Gum-tree of unparalleled celerity of growth among Hardwood-trees,—so with EK. amygdalina, which (with E. diversicolor) ranks as probably the loftiest of all trees of the globe! The long neglect of trees of such marvellous value, must now-a-days appear to us almost unaccountable and enigmatical. Expranation oF Anatytic Drtaits.—l, summit of calyx, lid detached ; 2, longitudinal section of a flowerbud ; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of anther; 5, style; 6, longitudinal section of fruit ; 7, transverse section of fruit ; 8 and 9, sterile and fertile seeds; 10, embryo; 11, the same uncoiled ; 12, portion of a leaf; all but variously magnified. yee “Tb ae ta Peeing C8 avg * es Seof Eth Sree ce ae by Y A at eo OE er Ny sent en 4“ ie Bae Hae N fj EUCALYPTUS GRACILIS. F, v. M., in the Transactions of the Victorian Institute i. 35 (1854) ; Miquel in Nederlandisk Kruitkundig Archiev iv. 124; F. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii.55; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 211; E. calycogona et E. celastroides, Turczaninow in Mélanges biologiques tirés du Bulletin physico-mathématique de l’académie imperiale des sciences de St. Petersbourg, tome i. 417. Shrubby or somewhat arborescent ; /eaves scattered, on rather short stalks, narrow- or almost linear-lanceolar, not very long nor very inequilateral, slightly curved, of equal color and shining on both sides, their veins extremely subtle or hardly visible, not very spreading, the circumferential vein somewhat removed from the margin of the leaf; oil-dots often dark and their transparency concealed ; umbels axillary and solitary or some few terminal and almost paniculated, on thin and rather short stalks, with usually 4-8 comparatively small flowers; tube of the calyx obconical, lined with 3-5 longitudinal angles, attenuated into a usually very short stalklet, considerably longer than the hemispherical or pyramidal-conical lid ; outer stamens sterile, all the filaments crisped and strongly inflexed before expansion ; anthers very minute, roundish or verging into a kidneyshaped Jorm, opening with lateral pores; stigma hardly dilated; fruit rather small, semiellipsoid or somewhat obconical or slightly urnshaped, faintly angular, 3- or oftener 4-celled; rim thin; valves deltoid, enclosed ; seeds without appendage, the sterile much smaller than the fertile seeds. From the Mallee-country on the Rivers Murray and Darling and their lower tributaries to South-West Australia, particularly in sandy but also in clayey and calcareous soil. Several stems usually from one root, flowering occasionally at a height of about 6 feet, but in the course of years rising finally to 25 feet. Bark from the secession of the outside layers smooth and almost silvery-grey or whitish. Leaves, like those of most Eucalypts, terminated gradually into a narrow pointed apex. Calyces shining. Sterile filaments much exceeding the length of most of the fertile stamens. Style short. Fruits occasionally semiovate ; their valvular summit always flat. Sterile seeds extremely minute. The exact northern limits of this species have as yet nowhere been ascertained. It forms with E. incrassata, HE. dumosa, H. uncinata, E. oleosa and H. paniculata the extensive “ Mallee- scrubs” of the extratropical and perhaps Central Australian desert-country, reaching in South- and also West-Australia close to the coast, where however some additional congeners enter into the- constitution of the Mallee-vegetation, while in South-East Australia E. Behriana, HE. largi- florens and E. corynocalyx may become interspersed. Either as a variety or perhaps even as a species can be distinguished from E. gracilis an Eucalyptus gathered by the lamented late Monsieur A. Thozet in his last botanical journey to Expedition-Range, during which'he became a victim of the paludal fever, to which this excellent man so sadly succumbed. This Eucalyptus, which should bear his name, can be distinguished by its longer leaves, narrow-ellipsoid flowerbuds, smaller, not or less conspicuously angular calyces and also smaller and particularly narrower fruit, irrespective of the size of the tree, which rises to a height of 60 feet, according to Mr. E. Bowman and Mr. P. O’Shanesy, who noticed it near the Mackenzie- and Comet-River. E. ochrophloia (F. v. M., fragmenta phytographiz Australize ix. 36) is removed from E. gracilis on account of its larger leaves with rather prominent veins and less conspicuous oil-dots, its larger flowers, more pointed lid, fruits of larger size and more tapering into an elongated stalklet, also its outside yellowish bark, which gave rise to its odd vernacular appellation “ Yellow-Jacket,” by which it is known from the Darling- and Lachlan-Rivers to the Paroo and Warrego. EUCALYPTUS GRACILIS. E. gracilis differs from E. largiflorens in shining leaves not of a greyish hue, more numerous and still finer veins and more perceptible oil-dots, in the numerous sterile stamens, anthers opening laterally, less towards the summit, flowers generally larger, less copiously paniculated, more angular calyx, the lid not rarely pointed, often somewhat larger fruit with not distinctly contracted summit, and also in not extensively persistent bark; but seemingly a variety of E. largiflorens from Northern Queensland exhibits also shining leaves of vivid green. J. paniculata, particularly in its variety fasciculosa, coincides also in many of its characteristics with E. gracilis, with which it is intermingled in the Mallee-scrub; but the leaves are larger, less shining, slightly paler beneath than above, not distinctly dotted, with several times less stomata above than beneath and have the margin slightly recurved as is customary in the species with heterogenous and hypogenous stomata; the circumferential vein is rather nearer to the margin of the leaf, while the lateral veins are more spreading and prominent, the flowers are on the whole larger and mostly paniculated, the anthers truncated and open with terminal pores. E. uncinata, another of the Mallee-species, is best separated from HE. gracilis by its often narrower leaves with more spreading veins, usually still more abbreviated stalklets, not at all angular calyces, less inequality in the length of their tube and lid, not flexuous filaments but all fertile, anthers opening by terminal pores, proportionately longer style, upwards very narrow acutely pointed and partially emersed capsular valves and thicker rim of the fruit, which as a tule is smaller and more roundish. E. oleosa recedes from E. gracilis in having the veins of the leaves rather more transverse, the marginal vein closer to the edge, the calyces never angular, the lid very seldom shorter than the tube of the calyx, the latter often more suddenly contracted into the stalklet, the stamens all fertile, the anthers opening rather by slits than pores though amply so, the style longer, the fruit more contracted at the orifice with pointed and partly protruding valves, the latter forming a conical summit before expansion and the rim thicker; moreover the bark of E. oleosa remains persistent on aged stems and becomes finally rough. E. decurva (fragm. phytogr. Austral. ii. 130) is recognized already by its elongated anthers which are very evidently longer than broad opening with parallel narrow slits, quite agreeing with those of genuine species of the series Parallelanthere ; but Bentham’s description of E. decurva in the flora Australiensis 11. 249 refers extensively to such varieties of E. oleosa, as verge to E. falcata and E. goniantha, all of which with E. concolor should in the anthereal system be placed close to E. decipiens among the Micranthere. E. dumosa in comparison to E. gracilis can mainly be recognized by the absence or extreme shortness of its stalklets, the calyces not or less angular, the stamens all fertile, larger anthers opening by ample slits and mostly larger fruits. Nearly the same characteristics remove E. incrassata, but that species is besides larger in all its parts, its leaves are broader, the flower- stalks very much flattened, the calyces often furrowed-streaked ; both form the transit from the Parallelantheree to the Micranthere. Expianation oF Anatytic Dztaizs.—1, unexpanded flower, lid lifted ; 2, longitudinal sections of unexpanded flowers ; 3, sterile and fertile stamens in situ; 4 and 5, back- and front-view of anthers with filaments; 6, style and stigma ; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse sections of fruits; 9 and 10, fertile and sterile seeds ; 11, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but to various extent. a! "y cae jee cae ae eee aol e mena atsr ‘ stomtest “oe. Ll ty, re " 4 ta, Yooker “tO yous EUCALYPTUS MACULATA. Hooker, icones plantarum t. 619 (1844); F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 47; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 258 ; Woolls, contributions to the Flora of Australia 231; E. citriodora, Hooker, in Mitchell’s Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia 235 (1848); F. v. M., fragmenta phytographiz Australie ii, 47 & 174; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 257; E. melissiodora, Lindley, in Mitchell’s Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia 235 ; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii, 254; E. variegata, F. v. M., in the Journal of the Linnean Society iii. 88; E. peltata, Bentham, flora Australiensis it. 254. Finally tall ; branchlets slightly angular; leaves scattered, elongated- or narrow-lanceolar, often somewhat sickleshaped, seldom more oval, of equal green on either side; their /ateral veins crowded, pinnate-spreading, prominent, the circumferential vein very close or almost contiguous to the edge ; oil-dots more or less concealed ; flowers in usually short panicles, 3 or 2 together or some solitary, rarely 4 or more; stalklets shorter than the calyces, somewhat angular; tube of the calyx almost semiovate or slightly bellshaped ; lid double, the outer hemispherical and pointed, the inner depressed-semiglobular, transparent, shining, almost or quite blunt, both slightly or somewhat shorter than the tube; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; anthers oval- clubshaped, bursting by parallel slits ; stigma not broader than the style ; fruats globular- or oval- urnshaped ; rim narrow, valves 3, rarely 2 or 4, deeply enclosed, very short and quite retracted ; fertile much larger than the sterile seeds, all without appendage. From the vicinity of Port Jackson (Newcastle, Leichhardt) known northward to Balmy Creek (Sir Thomas Mitchell), the Burnett-River (F. v. M.), Springsure and Gainsford (Dr. Wuth) ; at Dunjog in the Devonian formation (Wilkinson), generally on rising ground or tops and sides of hills. A handsome tree. Stem straight, with a length up to 90 feet till branched, and a diameter of 3 feet. Bark smooth, somewhat shining, whitish or sometimes reddish-grey, mottled by bluish- white or brown-reddish spots indicating the places or rudiments of patches of older bark ; hence the vernacular name. Leaves more or less shining, sometimes but slightly so. Two umbels occasionally arising from one point, appearing like one with 6 or 7 flowers, unless indeed they should be regarded as such. Stalklets exceptionally equalling the calyx in length. Unopened calyx often somewhat pearshaped. Outer operculum corresponding to the ordinary lid of congeners ; inner lid forming a seceding integument to the cavity of the outer operculum. Connective of the anthers broader than the very narrow valvular portion. Fruits varying from 3 to 3 of an inch in length, slightly rough or even when dry faintly wrinkled, at all events not very smooth. Fertile seeds black and somewhat shining, about } of an inch long, almost dimidiate- ovate, the often acute edge turned inward. The seedlings. are rough from short red-brownish hair; their leaves scattered, stalked, oval- or oblong-lanceolar, inserted to the stalk above their roundish undivided base, reminding thus of the seedlings of the West-Australian Eucalyptus calophylla, The wood, as stated by the Rev. Dr. Woolls, is used in ship-building, for wheelwrights’ and coopers’ work, but seems to vary in its qualities according to differences of localities, on which the trees arose. E. citriodora can only be considered a variety of H. maculata, differing merely in the exquisite lemon-scent of its leaves, and holding as a variety precisely the same position to H. maculata, as Boronia citriodora to B. pinnata or Thymus citriodorus to T. Serpyllum. Mr. Bailey, who had opportunities to compare the two trees promiscuously growing, confirms their specific identity ; he moreover discovered at Trinity-Bay a variety of E. crebra or of an allied EUCALYPTUS MACULATA. species also lemon-scented, the perfume and flavor of the leaves being so excellent as to serve for table-condiment. The citron-fragrance however is hereditary, and seems only developed within the subtropical regions of the range of the species. The leaves of H. citriodora are frequently finer veined. Mr. F. Kilner found the tree flowering in the month of July, when hardly any other kind of Eucalyptus was in bloom at Rockhampton. He mentions, that there the hardwood of E. citriodora is used for studs, which after twenty years show no decay; it is furthermore liked for fences, as it splits well, also for shafts of drays, as it is more pliable than most other Hucalyptus-timber, bending readily, and it is also used as material for wheels. Dr. Wuth sent leaves from an adventitious shoot 3 inches broad, and observes, that shoots will spring from stumps or after the destruction of the stem by fire from the root, such shoots representing E. melissiodora. I found the tree of moderate celerity of growth ; and clearly it is highly eligible in its lemon-scented variety for arboreta and the distillation of perfumery. Its essential oil was provided already for the Exhibition of 1867. In its systematic affinity E. maculata approaches nearest to E. eximia (Schauer, in Walpers repertorium botanices systematice ii. 925) and E. Watsoniana (F. v. M., fragm. phytogr. Austral. xi. 98) ; the former differs in the complete persistence of its bark, rendering it thick, rough and wrinkled, in the more subtle venation of its leaves, in flowers sessile on the ultimate usually also longer stalks, not unfrequently more than 3 (4-6) together and in considerably longer more ellipsoid fruits. EH. Watsoniana is distinguished also by persistent bark, finer veins of the leaves, further by larger flowers, lid simple and in width exceeding the tube of the calyx, still more numerous and also longer stamens, fruits of much larger size with not suddenly descending and sharp but broad slightly decurrent rim and a very distinct outer annular channelled margin. The Kino of EH. maculata according to Dr. Julius Wiesner (Zeitschrift des oesterreichischen Apotheker-Vereines 1871, p. 500) dissolves easily in hot water, furnishing a slightly acid solution of winy odor and yellowish color and getting turbid when cold. General Sir E. W. Ward, R.E., K.C.M.G., found the specific gravity of the wood to be at an average in four experiments 0-942, and he records also the strength of this timber to bear a transverse strain and its degree of elasticity, in which respect it ranks high in value, thought not equalling the best Ironbark-trees. Sir E. W. Ward’s elaborate tables will be reproduced in these pages at a subsequent occasion. Expianation of Anatytic Detaits.—l, calyx with unexpanded stamens, the inner and outer lids lifted; 2, longitudinal section of unexpanded flower; 3, some stamens in situ; 4 and 5, back- and front-view of a stamen ; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of a fruit; 9 and 10, fertile and sterile seeds; 11, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but to various extent. Ta maps ot 1h ere, duit" ae Seger. a i pier oe ee eee =F rae daa 7 ee POF / Aqua. . op Hucalyptu s EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA. L’Héritier, sertum Anglicum 18, t. 20 (1788) ; Aiton, hortus Kewensis ii. 157 (1789) ; Smith, Botany of New Holland 43; Transactions of the Linnean Society iii. 287; Lamarck, tableau encyclopédique et methodique des trois régnes de la nature, Botanique t. 422; Salisbury, Paradisus Londinensis, t. 15 ; W.T. Aiton, hortus Kewensis, second edition iii. 193; F. M., fragmenta phytographie Australia ii. 45 et 172; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 204; E. gigantea, J. Hooker, in London Journal of Botany vi. 479; flora Tasmanica i. 136, t. xxviii. ; E. fabrorum, Schlechtendal, Iimnwa xx. 656; EB. nervosa et partim E, falcifolia, Miquel, in Nederlandisk Kruidkundig Archief iv. 136 et 139. \ Finally very tall; leaves scattered, sickleshaped- or sometimes oval-lanceolar, equally green and shining on both sides ; their lateral veins not very spreading, rather prominent, the circum- ferential vein somewhat removed from the edge ; oil-dots concealed ; umbels with 4 to several or less frequently 3 or many flowers, lateral and axillary ; stalk rather slender, slightly compressed ; calyces somewhat glandular-rough, not angular ; lid hemispherical, depressed or scarcely pointed ; tube conspicuously longer than the lid, obconical, gradually attenuated into an usually short stalklet ; stamens comparatively short, all fertile, inflexed before expansion; anthers kidneyshaped ; Sruit truncate-ovate, somewhat contracted at the orifice, rim outwards narrow ; valves enclosed, oftener 4 than 3, rarely 5, short; sterile seeds mostly not much narrower than the fertile seeds, all without appendage. On mountain-ranges as well of the silurian as granitic formation, also occasionally on sandy heathy ridges, from St. Vincent’s Gulf to Gippsland, scarcely passing into the territory of New South Wales, constituting vast forests, frequent also in Tasmania, ascending to high but not to alpine elevations. e “ Stringybark-tree” of South Australia and Tasmania, but in Victoria more generally called the “ Messmate-tree,” on account of its resemblance to E. macrorrhyncha, which in our colony passes mostly as Stringybark-tree. A straight-stemmed tree of rapid growth, attaining a maximum-height of about 300 feet and almost always lofty, though occasionally flowering already in an almost shrubby state. Bark persistent on stem and branches, very fibrous, easily igniting, not tough but rather soft and fragile, outside somewhat greyish, not so deeply furrowed as that of E. macrorrhyncha. Stem pro- portionately tall. Leaves of young saplings broad, verging somewhat into a cordate form. Ordinary leaves rather stiff, very unequal-sided towards the base, hence the specific name, which however applies to the majority of congeners ; veins diverging at a very acute angle. Umbels containing sometimes as many as 20 flowers. Flowerbuds together with their stalklets clubshaped. Stigma not dilated beyond the width of the style. E. obliqua was the species, first of all rendered known, and on which l’Héritier founded the genus, so named in allusion to the flowers, well covered by a cap or lid, although Dr. Wm. Anderson, the surgeon of Capt. Cook’s second and third expeditions, had bestowed not inaptly the name of Aromadendrum on the genus already, when visiting with Capt. Furneaux the bay, on which Hobarton has since arisen. In the Catalogue of the Banksian Library ii. 32 and iii. 184 (according to Robert Brown) the appellation given by Surgeon Anderson was early recorded. As surmised by me (in the fragmenta ii. 45) it is this very species, which was collected during Furneaux’s voyage at Adventure-Bay, and this was proved subsequently by Mr. Rich. Kippist, who at my request compared the original specimen in the Banksian collection. I had no access in 1860 to the second edition of the Hortus Kewensis, where already in 1811 Tasmania was mentioned as the native land of HE. obliqua, the erroneous statement in the Transactions of the Linnean EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA. Society, that it was from the “ warmer parts of New Holland” having misled long afterwards, and hindered the recognition of this species till recent times. E. cneorifolia, as drawn by Heyland for De Candolle’s mémoire sur la famille des Myrtacées pl. 9, differs from E. obliqua only in shrubby habit, very narrow leaves with thinner veins and fruit-valves sometimes less enclosed ; it is evidently dwarfed by cold in the high elevations of its growth at about 4,000 feet in the Blue Mountains. But in De Candolle’s prodromus iii. 220 and in Bentham’s flora Australiensis iii. 217 this high-land species is confused with one of low arid country in Kangaroo-Island, which belongs to E. oleosa. What precise relation H. stricta (Sieber, in Sprengel cure posteriores 195) and E. obtusiflora bear to E. cneorifolia, which as here defined belongs certainly to the Renanthere, remains to be ascertained. E. obliqua can be distinguished readily enough from H. piperita by its thicker and usually larger leaves with more prominent and less divergent veins, the under-page of the leaves neither evidently paler nor less shining than the upper side (hence the stomata are in almost equal number on either side of the leaves), in less crowded umbels, in calyces less smooth, with shorter and blunter lid, the greater elongation of the calyx-tube into the stalklet and also the rather larger fruit with comparatively less constricted orifice. The two are the only species among closely allied kinds, which have the summit of the fruit very considerably contracted, hence no difficulty can arise for recognizing E. obliqua. The veins of the leaves are occasionally so much longitudinal as to bring E. obliqua thus far into close approach to E. pauciflora, which species is allied also in many other respects, but has a smooth whitish bark, the outer stamens not all fertile, the fruit hardly contracted at the summit, the rim not so narrow and the valves nearer to the orifice ; the wood of the two is also different. The calyx however is likewise somewhat rough in E. pauciflora.—k. Sieberiana in comparison to E. obliqua can be easily recognized by its more rugged and solid bark, which partially secedes, by its less fissile wood, the less prominent veins of its leaves, generally broader and more compressed flowerstalks, outer stamens sterile, fruit less contracted at the orifice with flatter rim and with valves near the summit. E. obliqua is one of the most important of all our trees in regard of its vast abundance (being the most gregarious of any of our forest-trees) and on account of the ease with which the wood is worked. It supplies a large portion of the ordinary sawn hardwood-timber for rough building purposes ; being very fissile it is also extensively split into fence-rails, palings and shingles ; it is however subject to early decay when used underground. It is light colored. The specific gravity of the wood varies from 0-809 to 0-990, or from 50 to 604 Ibs. per cubic foot. Mr. F. Campbell found the tensile strength per square inch equal to a pressure of 8,200 to 8,500 Ibs. The bark of E. obliqua is extensively used for roofing primitive rural buildings ; it is also suitable, as first shown by the writer, for the manufacture of paper, not only for packing but also for printing and even writing, further for mill- and paste-boards. The pulp bleaches rapidly. The bark contains only from 2°50 to 4:19 per cent. of Kino-tannin, in which respect it contrasts unfavorably with that of E. macrorrhyncha, which provides from 11:12 to 13-41 Kino-tannic acid. The best Kino of E. obliqua dissolves completely in boiling water, yielding a neutral deep-reddish solution, which remains clear and is free of Gum, as long ago shown by Dr. Wiesner. Expianation or Anatytic Deratis.—l, upper portion of unexpanded flower, the lid lifted ; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther with filament; 5, style and stigma ; 6 and 7, transverse and longitudinal section of a fruit ; 8 and 9, sterile and fertile seeds ; 10, embryo; 11, the same partly uncoiled ; 12, portion of a leaf; all figures more or less magnified. Fy M .direxit hucalyptus joaweltlora, S7ecver hs, a Sem EUCALYPTUS PAUCIFLORA. \ Sieber, in Sprengel cure posteriores 195 (1827); E. coriacea, Cunningham, in Walpers repertorium botanices systematicw ii, 925 (1843); J. Hooker, flora Tasmanica i. 136; F. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 52; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 201; E. piperita, varietas pauciflora, De Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 119; E. phlebophylla, F. v. M. et Miquel, in Nederlandisk Kruitkundig Archiev iv. 140; E. submultiplinervis, Miquel, as quoted, 138. Finally tall ; /eaves scattered, elongated-lanceolar, sometimes verging into a lanceolar-oval form, but slightly curved or somewhat sickleshaped, of equal color and shining on both sides, of thick consistence ; veins almost longitudinal, several arising nearly together from the acute base of the leaf, the intramarginal vein slightly removed from the edge and all main-veins often prominent ; umbels axillary, solitary or sometimes forming a short racemous panicle, varying with from few to many flowers in each, on almost cylindrical or somewhat angular but never dilated-compressed and seldom much elongated flowerstalks ; flowers rather small, on very short stalklets ; tube of the calyx semiovate-obconical, not strongly angular ; “id hemispheric, twice or thrice shorter than the tube, quite blunt or occasionally somewhat acute or much depressed ; stamens generally all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; anthers almost hidneyshaped, opening by very divergent slits ; stigma not broader than the summit of the style; fruits semi-ovate or truncate-ovate, slightly or hardly contracted at the summit, 3- more rarely 4- to 5-celled, their rim more or less flat ; valves very short, convergent from near the summit of the orifice, not or but slightly exserted, almost deltoid ; seeds without any appendage, the sterile mostly not much narrower than the fertile seeds. From the lowest hills to the highest mountains, as well in the granite- as in slate-formations, from the Glenelg-River (I. v. M.) dispersed through the southern districts of the colony of Victoria and the coast-countries of New South Wales, there known westward to Mittagong (Moore) and Braidwood (Wilkinson), extending to New England (Leichhardt), reaching in a dwarfed state to nearly the snow-line in the Australian Alps, frequent through the ridgy lowlands and also the uplands of ‘Tasmania. A medium-sized tree, but occasionally fully 100 feet high, of stately and even handsome appearance, the stem reaching a diameter of 4 feet ; the main branches often very spreading ; the branchlets slender and more or less pendulous. The bark is smooth, not very thick and outside whitish-grey as in other trees of the section Leiophloia, and hence it is also one of the White Gum-trees of the colonists. The branchlets and inflorescence, particularly in the alpine variety, are sometimes covered with a bluish-white bloom. ‘The oil-dots are copiously visible only in the young and then still membranous leaves, but become concealed or obliterated, when the foliage attains its almost leathery thickness; the veins are not rarely, particularly in colder regions, tinged conspicuously red, in which coloration the branchlets also often participate. Leaves occur occasionally on young trees or on adventitious shoots lengthened to nearly one foot and widened to a breadth of over half a foot, thus presenting almost oni form, as shown in the background of the lithogram. In the alpine variety the leaves are often shorter and proportionately broader and the fruits smaller. A pair of lanceolar bracts enclose the umbel in its earliest stage. Sir Joseph Hooker counted up to forty flowers in an umbel ; I found sometimes as few as three only. Opossums have a predilection for the young foliage, so much so, that in localities, where these creatures are long out of reach of the aboriginal or colonial hunters, HE. pauciflora often dies through being deprived of its respiratory organs for the continuance of the functions of its life. Even cattle and sheep browse in seasons of drought on the foliage (Woolls). EUCALYPTUS PAUCIFLORA. Ar. G. W. Robinson observes, that the timber is comparatively soft, thus easy to cut, and of a lighter color than that of most Eucalypts, also that it splits fairly, but cannot readily be obtained in great lengths ; it is rather brittle, short in grain and cannot be used underground, but is excellent for fuel ; it is in use also for log-fences. The principal interest of this species concentrates in its quality to cope with rather severe frosts ; indeed together with E. Gunnii it constitutes miniature-forests up to 5, ,500 feet i in our Alps, growing close to glaciers, which on the shade-sides of glens do not wholly melt in our latitudes, whenever situated over 6,000 feet high, though in the cooler latitudes of Tasmania the limit of eternal snow descends about 1,000 feet lower, it being understood only in the wide crevices or chasms of rocks or in other places, where the sun cannot exercise any direct effect. Thus the bare crests of our Alps may be free of snow in the height of summer even at nearly 7,000 feet, and we have therefore nowhere in Australia an absolute permanent snow-line in the strict sense of the word. In nature E. pauciflora is easily recognized by the smooth whiteness of its stem to near the ground, combined with the characteristic of its almost parallel-veined leaves and the size and shape of its flowers. Among the Renanthere only E. stellulata exhibits the peculiar venation of the leaves of E. pauciflora, several of the veins arising together from the base ; it is however a much smaller tree, which does not ascend fully so high into alpine regions, and which moreover is readily recognized by its mostly shorter leaves, the smallness of its flowers, slender calyces with conical lids and smaller fruits; moreover its bark is semipersistent. Some resemblance to E. Sieberiana is also obvious, but that species belongs really to the Heterostemones (or Hemian- there), shows no perfect decortication of the upper layers of the bark, has the stomata not absolutely isogenous, the leaf-veins evidently more spreading and less prominent and not several basal veins confluent. In their fruits however E. pauciflora and E. Sieberiana are much alike. Although the name of E. coriacea, bestowed on this species by Allan Cunningham, was perhaps given soon after his arrival in New South Wales (1816), yet Sieber, who gathered this species in 1823, must also have named it then already or soon subsequently, for it appeared on his authority in Sprengel’s cure posteriores already as E. pauciflora in 1827, therefore sixteen years before the name given by Cunningham became established ; thus Sieber’s appellation clearly takes precedence under the rules of priority. Though the designation of E. pauciflora does not apply so well to the generality of the forms of this species as the name of E. coriacea, yet in comparison to paniculate species it is applicable encugh. LE. procera (Dehnhardt, Rivista Napolitana, i. 174), according to the published diagnosis in Walpers repertorium botanices systematice ii. 164, can only be referred to E. pauciflora. Expianation of AnaLytic Dertairs.—l, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 2 and 3, front- and back-view of an anther with part of the filament ; 4, stamens in situ; 5, pistil; 6 and 7, longitudinal and transverse section of fruit ; 8 and 9, sterile and fertile seeds ; 10, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but to a various extent. Printmg (Office Melb Gov. stéeatn Lthe dirext. mucalyptus. pilularis. Smith. + OM. EUCALYPTUS PILULARIS. Smith, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society iii. 284 (1797), according to Bentham, flora Australiensis iti. 208 ; Kippist, in F. M. fragmenta phytographie Australiw ii. 172; E. persicifolia, Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 217, partim; E. semicorticata, F. M., in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society iii. 86. The “ Blackbutt-tree.” Finally tall ; branchlets conspicuously angular ; leaves scattered, narrow- or sickleshaped- lanceolar, rather more shining above than below; their lateral veins very subtle and numerous, moderately spreading, the circumferential vein somewhat removed from the margin of the leaf ; oil-dots concealed ; umbels mostly axillary and solitary or a few terminal and aggregated, bearing from 4 to 16 flowers ; stalk strongly compressed ; stalklets rather thick, angular, nearly as long as the calyx or variously shorter ; lid below hemispherical or broadly conical, attenuated into an acute summit, slightly longer or almost shorter than the semiovate tube of the calyx, the latter not angular ; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; anthers kidneyshaped, opening by diver- gent slits ; stigma not dilated ; fruit semiovate or almost truncate-ovate, 3- or oftener 4- rarely 5-celled ; valves deltoid, inserted slightly below the broadish somewhat flat or inward descending rim; sterile seeds mostly not much narrower than the fertile seeds, all without appendage. In wooded country from Eastern Gippsland to Southern Queensland, advancing into mountain- regions, but confined to the littoral slopes. A tree, attaining under favorable circumstances a height of 300 feet and a stem-circumference of 45 feet (Camara, Kirton), but as a rule of much less dimension. Rough bark covering the lower part of the stem and sometimes persisting even to the branches, blackish-grey outside, somewhat fibrous and brownish inside, traversed according to Dr. Beckler by cross-fibres ; bark of the branches and also sometimes of the upper portion of the stem smooth, grey or whitish. Timber excellent for general purposes, used largely for building, furnishing material for flooring- boards and superior shingles, also utilized for telegraph-poles and railway-sleepers (Woolls, Kirton). The systematic name for this species is not happily chosen, and seems to have been intended originally by Sir James Smith for that species, which Mr. Kippist and Mr. Bentham from inspection of Smith’s collections consider to be E. piperita ; but the fruit-bunches depicted under that name by Surgeon-General John White in his “Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales” belong, I should think, to the species now adopted as E. pilularis, although the fruits of the latter never approach to a pilular form like those of the modern EH. piperita ; Smith therefore quotes in the Transactions of the Linnean Society from White’s figure cautiously the leaves only for E. piperita ; to the confusion about the last mentioned species is added from the commencement by Dr. White, attributing at page 226 to his E. piperita a bark “ very smooth like that of a poplar.” The compressed flowerstalks, mentioned particularly in the description of H. piperita (in the Linnean Transactions iii. p. 286, and for which further should be referred to Smith’s Botany of New Holland, p. 42) would also indicate E. pilularis as now perhaps wrongly defined, whereas the globular fruit of E. pilularis, as aptly described in the Linnean Transactions of 1797, would apply not to that species as now understood, but to the H. piperita of the present day. I was tempted to transpose the names of the two species, though sanctioned by high authority (as Du Roi did under similar circumstances with Pinus picea and P. Abies), so that the species with the pillshaped fruits might at once be remembered by its adjective name ; but I have left the nomenclature for the present as it is, more especially as the now acknowledged H. pilularis is not EUCALYPTUS PILULARIS. a species particularly rich in volatile oil, so that White in all likelihood had the oil, to which he refers, distilled from another species and probably one with smooth bark. Dr. Leichhardt records the native name of E. pilularis as “ Benaroon.” The nearest ally to this tree is HE. acmenoides (Schauer, in Walpers repertorium botanices systematice ii. 924), of which I compared an original specimen gathered in January 1817 by Allan Cunningham near Port Jackson and communicated by the late Mr. Heward; either as a variety or as a species it differs from E. pilularis, as here assumed, in more fibrous outside paler and still more extensively persistent bark (being placed by the Rev. Dr. Woolls among the Rhytiphloie, not as H. pilularis among the Hemiphloiz), further in leaves of smaller size, thinner consistence and beneath paler hue with only hypogenous stomata and more visible oil-dots, in smaller flowers on thinner stalklets and less compressed stalks, smaller fruits with a narrower rim and often rather more enclosed valves. The small bunch of fruit, shown separately on the lithogram of E. pilularis, belongs to E. acmenoides; and if this really should indicate a mere variety, the specific appellation pilularis would become more justifiable. It is possible, that a histologic examination of the bark in the native places of E. acmenoides would reveal further differences. Dr. Woolls, Mr. Fawcett and Mr. Wilkinson call it White Mahogany, whereas Mr. Th. Wentworth Watson, Mr. Bailey and others designate it as a Stringybark-tree. The name employed for it by the natives of the Richmond-River is “Jundera.” It ranges over a wider geographic area than the typical E. pilularis, extending far into the tropical regions of Eastern Australia. The wood is fissile, thus splits well into slabs and palings ; it is regarded of superior quality. Mr. Wilkinson saw the stems attain in the Devonian formation a diameter of 4 feet. The young seedlings of E. pilularis are smooth, their leaves oblong- or narrow-lanceolar, sessile, grey beneath, perceptibly dotted with pellucid oil-glands. ‘The illustration now offered does not represent sufficiently a tendency to a partially terminal inflorescence nor the flatness of the flowerstalks. K. siderophloia is easily distinguished from E. pilularis by its entirely persistent and deeply furrowed bark, the texture of its wood, often broader leaves, always paniculated flowers of less number in the umbels, not distinctly compressed flowerstalks, the calyx-tube more gradually attenuated into the stalklet, roundish anthers with parallel slits, dilated stigma, almost pearshaped- obconical fruits with emersed rim and exserted valves, the latter not forming a flat but very convex summit. General Sir E. Ward found the deflection of the fresh timber to be 1:35 inch, the material used being 4 feet long by 2 inches square, loaded in the middle, bearing weight to 980 lbs. while the elasticity remained unimpaired and breaking under a weight of 1,232 lbs. Specific gravity about 0°897. Expianation oF Anatytic Deraits.—l, portion of unexpanded flower, the lid lifted ; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther with part of filament ; 5, stamens in situ, their anthers presented at a side-view ; 6, style and stigma; 7, longitudinal section of an abnormal fruit, the valves sunk exceptionally deep ; 8, longitudinal section of an ordinary fruit; 9, transverse section of fruit; 10 and 11, fertile and sterile seeds; 12, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but to various extent. 6 vate Lith ee at 7 ¥. v. M. direxi’ Gor Frmtns ta. Smith C) 3 piperi alyptu L HU EUCALYPTUS PIPERITA. Smith, in White’s Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales 226, partly (1790); Botany of New Holland 42 ; Transactions of the Linnean Society iii. 286; Kippist, in F. M. fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 173; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 207 ; E. acervula, Sieber, in De Candolle prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis ili, 217 ; F. M., fragmenta phytographie Australia ii. 64. Finally tall ; branchlets slender ; leaves scattered, sickleshaped-lanceolar, not very long, rather more shining above than below ; their lateral veins very subtle and numerous, usually more erect than transverse, the circumferential vein somewhat removed from the margin of the leaf ; oil-dots copious, more or less pellucid ; umbels axillary or mostly lateral, bearing from 5 to 15, rarely 3 to 4 flowers ; stalk slender, slightly compressed ; stalklets considerably shorter than the calyx ; lid broad-conical, acute, about as long as the semiovate tube of the calyx, the latter not angular ; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion; anthers hidneyshaped, opening by divergent slits ; style capillary ; stigma not dilated ; fruits usually small, truncate- or globular- ovate, contracted at the narrow-edged orifice ; valves perfectly enclosed, 3 or much oftener 4, deltoid ; sterile seeds mostly not much narrower than the fertile seeds, all without appendage. On less fertile ground, from the coast to mountain-regions, occurring even on sand-lands, in Gippsland and New South Wales. The White Stringybark of the colonists, called by the Gippsland natives, with E. macrorr- hyncha and E. capitellata, “ Yangoora.” Trunk to as much as 4 feet in diameter. Stem and branches covered with fibrous outside grey and rough bark. Seedlings smooth, with oval- or oblong-lanceolar or broad-oval leaves, the lower of these opposite, the upper ones scattered. Leaves of the advanced tree dark-green, usually of rather thin consistence. Umbels often crowded, never terminating the branchlets, now and then paniculated, but in such a case still lateral. Fruits occasionally larger and less roundish than illustrated in the lithogram, with their edge sharp, which is not well shown in the litho- graphic drawing. E. piperita differs from E. pilularis chiefly in its rough bark extending to the branches (Pachyphloiz), more slender and less angular branchlets, more distinctly developed oil-glands of the foliage, not so much compressed flowerstalks, smaller flowers with hardly any tendency to ageregation into terminal panicles, fruits mostly smaller and at the orifice contracted with an acute rim and evidently sunk valves. E. eugenioides (Sieber, in Sprengel cure posteriores 195), which extends from near Port Phillip to South-Queensland and ascends the higher Alps in a dwarfed state, shares in some of the characteristics of EH. piperita and in others of E. pilularis ; but its seedlings are hairy-rough, and the edge of the fruit is blunt, with the valves situated near it, reminding more of the fruits of E. hemastoma. The scabrous seedlings depicted in the background of the lithogram of E. piperita belongs to HE. eugenioides, which is considered by Bentham a variety of that species. E. obliqua is distinguishable from E. piperita by its larger and thicker leaves of equal shining color on both sides, with more prominent and less divergent veins and with stomata rather more equal in number on either page, by its umbels never so much crowded, by the shorter and rounded-blunt lid, the longer and conically attenuated tube of the calyx, the somewhat longer fruits and perhaps by anatomic, histologic and chemical peculiarities of the bark and wood, which characteristics remain yet more comprehensively to be studied. EUCALYPTUS PIPERITA. The Eucalyptus-oil, so largely exported particularly by Mr. Joseph Bosisto since many years, is not derived from this species, but from HE. amygdalina. The vernacular name “ Peppermint- tree” arose from this Eucalyptus, being bestowed on it already in the first year of the colonisation of New South Wales by Dr. White, because the scent of the foliage resembling that of the Peppermint-Herb ; but this colonial appellation has become since extended to many other congeners in various parts of Australia. This fancied resemblance of Eucalyptus-oil to that of Peppermint is explanatory also of the specific name adopted for this particular tree in science. Though timber of very large dimension is obtainable from E. piperita, yet according to the Rev. Dr. Woolls the wood is inferior to that of some other kinds of Stringybark-trees. As stated under E. pilularis the fruit, depicted by White as that of his E. piperita, belongs to the former not the latter, as now understood, although it is not pilular. Expianation or Anatytic Derarns.—l, upper portion of an unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitu- dinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther with portion of the filament ; 5, some stamens in situ, the anthers seen from the side; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of fruit ; 9 and 10, fertile and sterile seeds ; 11, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but in various degrees. # * Steam Intho Gov Printing Office Melb. Fv M_ diremnt C Troedel & C9 Lath. 7 4 Todt de Kucalyptus polyanthema., Schaver EUCALYPTUS POLYANTHEMA. ¥. polyanthemos, Schauer, in Walpers repertorium botanices systematice ii. 924 (1843) ; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 214; Woolls, contribution to the flora of Australia 236. The “ Den-tree.” Branchlets very slender ; eaves scattered, on rather long stalks, ordicular- or broad-ovate or roundish, of an almost ashy-hue or dull-greenish, occasionally verging into an oval-lanceolar form ; primary veins considerably spreading, the circumferential veins distinctly removed from the edge ; umbels paniculate and mostly terminal ; flowers in each umbel very few, usually of rather small size and on very short stalklets ; tube of the calyx truncate-ovate, doubly or thrice longer and also broader than the depressed- or pyramidal-hemispherical faintly pointed lid ; stamens much inflexed while unexpanded ; outer stamens sterile ; fertile anthers truncated, opening by terminal pores ; stigma somewhat dilated ; fruits rather small, semiovate, with a narrow compressed fragile occasionally somewhat indented margin, 3- or 4-celled or rarely 5-celled ; valves enclosed, very short ; seeds without any appendage. On dry ridges and hills or undulatory country from the vicinity of Port Phillip north-westward to the Pyrenees, eastward to the Gippsland-Lakes and the Genoa (F. v. M.) ; northward to the tributaries of the Darling-River, advancing thence to the coast-districts of New South Wales, thus occurring also near Port Jackson (at Liverpool, Woolls). A middle-sized tree ; exceptionally about 250 feet high (in the Ovens-Ranges, Falck), called “Den” by the Gippsland-natives (Howitt), but Red Box-tree by our colonists, on account of the reddish tinge of its wood, occasionally also passing among the woodmen as Grey or Bastard- Box-tree. Bark persistent as well on the branches as on the stem (unless the upper ramifications or rarely also the lower are smooth from outer decortication), slightly furrowed, grey outside. Wood close-grained and twisted, very tough and so hard, as to have given rise to the name of Lignum Vite for it in some regions of New South Wales (Woolls). Leaves sometimes acuminated, but generally those of the young saplings and of the aged tree not very different in shape. Veins not very crowded, nor as a rule very prominent. Oil-glands copiously visible in young leaves, becoming much concealed or evanescent at last. Inflorescence also not rarely participating in the grey bloom of the foliage. Lid double in early stage, the outer minute and fugacious. The specific name is derived from the comparative copiousness of the flowers. Great lastingness is attributed to the wood, though the stems become often hollow in age, and thus afford not readily timber of large dimensions. The wood is much sought for cogs, naves and felloes ; it is also much in demand for props of shafts in mines ; for fuel it is unsurpassed. According to Mr. J. Smith it is this species, which braved the severest winters at Kew-Garden near London, sheltered merely by a wall. As regards its specific affinities E. polyanthema comes very near to E. melliodora, with which it agrees in the remarkable dehiscence of the anthers by terminal pores ; but it recedes in the bark not being yellowish inside, but softer, more fibrous and outside rather more grey, in the reddish color of the wood, in the broader and more generally greyish leaves, in rather shorter stalklets of the flowers, smaller lids of the calyx, more paniculated flowers, less dilated stigma, fruits less distinctly contracted at the orifice, with a narrower less firm and less distinctly annular rim and generally lesser number of valves and cells. Both occur in some places promiscuously and seem to preserve under the same circumstances of soil and climate each their distinctive EUCALYPTUS POLYANTHEMA. characteristics ; still on the whole E. polyanthema prefers more the top of rises, while E. mel- liodora descends rather to the richer soil of the valleys. Its distinctness from E. populifolia seems indisputable, as the foliage is not shining, the flowers are of larger size and on more conspicuous stalklets, many of the outer stamens devoid of anthers, the latter opening terminally, the filaments not being dark-colored and the fruits larger ; the geographic range of both is also different. HK. Behriana shows usually lesser height, more rigid narrower and somewhat shining leaves, stouter panicles, lesser development of the stalklets of the flowers, all stamens fertile, anthers with lateral pores, often smaller fruits, always with firmer rim. Bentham (flora Australiensis iii. 214) unites with this E. Baueriana (Schauer, in Walpers repertorium ii. 924), the diagnosis of which agrees sufficiently and proves it to be different from E. populifolia. Bauer most probably obtained his specimens from the vicinity of Sydney and not from the tropical regions of Australia. E. oligantha (Schauer, in Walpers repertorium ii. 924) from Copeland-Island, of which species I have not yet seen authentic material, seems according to description very closely allied to E. polyanthema, differing chiefly in stiffer leaves, somewhat larger flowers, conical lid and perhaps the (as yet unknown) fruit. Expranation of Anatytic Detarts.—l, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 2 and 3, front- and back-view of a stamen; 4, style and stigma; 5, a portion of the calyx with fertile and sterile stamens; 6 and 7, longitudinal section of a fruit ; 8 and 9, sterile and fertile seeds; all more or less enlarged. Gov Prt the Seste Li Lh O Troedal & 7° Lith a v aucalyptus populitolia. Aooker EUCALYPTUS POPULIFOLIA. Hooker, icones plantarum 879 (1852). Branchlets slender ; (eaves scattered, on rather long stalks, orbicular-ovate or roundish, very shining and intensely green on both sides, occasionally verging into an oval-lanceolar form ; veins very spreading, but not crowded ; the circumferential vein distinctly removed from the edge ; the oil-dots copious and mostly transparent ; wmbels paniculate and mostly terminal or some singly axillary ; flowers in each umbel from very few to 14, of very small size, on extremely short stalklets ; tube of the calyx almost semiovate, slightly longer than the nearly hemispherical lid ; stamens much inflexed while unexpanded, all fertile ; anthers roundish-ovate, opening below the summit by pores or abbreviated slits ; style very short ; stigma somewhat dilated ; fruzts very small, semiovate, 4-celled or sometimes 3- or 5-celled ; valves very short, situated close beneath the rim ; seeds minute, without any appendage. In open forest-country from the southern as well as northern tributaries of the Darling- River, advancing eastward to the coast-country and northward to the Upper Burdekin-River, southward to the Murrumbidgee. A middle-sized or small tree, with wrinkled and somewhat fissurated bark, which persists as well on the branches as on the stem. The colonial designations of this tree are Shining or Poplar- Box-tree ; the natives of eastern subtropical Australia call it ‘“ Bembil” according to Mr. Edward Bowman, who also remarks, that the wood proved durable for posts ; but of the particular quality of the timber no records seem existent. Leaves occur sometimes 4 inches wide. With Sir William Hooker I regarded this as a species, distinct from E. polyanthema, when defining it anew in 1858 (Journal of Proceedings of the Linnean Society iii. 93), after having watched it for months in 1856 through its natural range. It replaces in the warmer latitudes of the more interior regions of Hast-Australia the more southern E. polyanthema. In the journal above quoted I had changed the name of this species to E. populnea, as Desfontaines had mentioned (Catal. hort. Paris 1829, p. 408) already an Eucalyptus under precisely the same name, employed by Hooker. The differences set forth in the description as distinguishing E. populifolia from H. polyanthema, I believe to be specific ; they consist in leaves of lustrous green, often less compound inflorescence, smaller and more crowded flowers on shorter or hardly any stalklets, ‘proportionately larger lid, stamens all fertile, anthers with more lateral openings, filaments of darker color and smaller fruits. E. hemiphloia could hardly ever be confounded with BH. populifolia, although it belongs also to the section of Poranthere, its leaves are less shining and never broad, the flowers conspicuously larger on longer and thicker stalklets, the lid gradually pointed, the fruits longer, the valves not approaching to the orifice, while as indicated by the specific name the bark is not persistent on the branches and often neither on the upper portion of the stem ; this species does not extend to Spencer’s Gulf, being known only from New South Wales and Southern Queensland and there confined to the coast-districts or near to them. The South Australian tree, mentioned under this name by Bentham, is H. Behriana, as proved by some differences in the leaves, the suppression of the stalklets and shortness of the lid as well as of the stamens. Again, the variety parviflora of £. bicolor, mentioned in the flora Australiensis i. 215, belongs also to E. populifolia. Explanation or Anatytic Dzraits.—1, unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of unexpanded flower; 3, stamens in situ; 4 and 5, back- and front-view of a stamen; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, transverse and longitudinal section of fruit; 9 and 10, sterile and fertile seeds; 11, portion of a leaf ; all more or less enlarged. EUCALYPTUS POPULIFOLIA. The bye-following lithographic plate presents diagrams of anthers (after dehiscence) of many Eucalypts, pertaining to Bentham’s series: Renanthere, Heterostemones (Hemianthere), Po- ranthere and Micranthere, in continuation of the transverse anther-sections (solely of the Paral- lelanthere) given with E. tetraptera in the second decade. : Diametric augmentation 28 times. 59. Eucalyptus acmenoides, Schauer. 60. albens, Miquel. 61. amygdalina, Labillardiére. 62. Baileyana, F. v. M. 63. Behriana, F. v. M. 64. Bowmanii, F. v. M. 65. buprestium, F. v. M. 66. capitellata, Smith. 67. Cloeziana, F. v. M. 68. coccifera, J. Hooker. 69. erebra, F. v. M. 70. Decaisneana, Blume. ils drepanophylla, F. v. M. 72, eugenioides, Sieber. 73. gracilis, F. v. M. 74, hemastoma, Smith. 75. hemiphloia, F. v. M. 76. largiflorens, F. v. M. 77, Leucoxylon, F. v. M. 78. Luehmanniana, F. v. M. 79. macrorrhyncha, F. v. M. 80. marginata, Smith. 81. melanophloia, F. v. M. 82. melliodora, Cunningham. 83. Eucalyptus microcorys, F. v. M. 84. obliqua, l’Héritier. 85. ochrophloia, F. v. M. 86. odorata, Behr. 87. paniculata, Smith. ‘ 88. pauciflora, Sieber. 89. pilularis, Smith. 90. piperita, Smith. 91. Planchoniana, F. v. M. 92. polyanthema, Schauer. 93. populifolia, Hooker. 94, pruinosa, Schauer. 95. Raveretiana, F. v. M. 96. rigida, Sieber. 97. Risdoni, J. Hooker. 98. salmonophloia, F. v. M. 99. salubris, F. v. M. 100. santalifolia, F. v. M. 101. siderophloia, Bentham. 102. Sieberiana, F, v. M. 103. stellulata, Sieber. 104, trachyphloia, F. v. M. 105. uncinata, Turczaninow. ) EYES \ ai % 90 a x =y “y ay Boy ge -S. - : eo AONES) — wLe sey ave Je Mie = ed a “~ 35g 60 Of a = ita go \ ana ee 2 } : Se : ee 65 66 67 Cayo Sine : a eee ( ne : MO re oN Ss oO id (Lae Se) 71 72 73 a ¥ i tes Sr a. a Lesh Yo Mem te eae Ce ) E eae eA Sear 103 66 93 63 52 105 OF B89 L10Q LRumme! del. C Trosde! & 0° Lith F M. dirextt Steam tho, Gov Primting Office, Melb. nucalypims = Lunathers, l7ansverse Sections. EUCALYPTOGRAPHIA.. ae A DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS OF THE KUCALYPTS OF AUSTRALIA AND THE ADJOINING ISLANDS; BY BARON FERD. VON MUELLER, K.C.MG., M. & PH.D, FERS, GOVERNMENT BOTANIST FOR THE COLONY OF VICTORIA. “NON SUCCIDES ARBORES, NEO SECURIBUS DEBES VASTARE EARUM REGIONEM.”—Liber Deuteronomii xx. 19. FOURTH DECADE. MELBOURNE : JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. PUBLISHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITTLE COLLINS STREET. LONDON: TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 69 LUDGATE HILL; AND GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE, M DCCC LXXIX. wloa., Aelinwardl EUCALYPTUS ALBA. Reinwardt, in Blume’s Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 110] (1826); Decaisne, in Nouveaux annales du muséum d’histoire naturelle iii. 454; Spanoghe, in Schlechtendal’s Linnea xv. 203 ; Walpers, Repertorium botanices systematicz ii., supplementum i. 927; Blume, Museum botanicum Lugduno-Batavum i. 83; Miquel, flora India Batave i. 398. Tall ; leaves scattered, on long stalks, /anceolar- or rhomboid-oval, gradually much elongated into the narrow apex, equally pale-green on both sides, not shining ; oil-dots much concealed ; lateral veins rather numerous, very spreading, circumferential vein more or less distant from the edge ; umbels axillary or lateral, on a comparatively short somewhat angular stalk, with seven or fewer flowers; stalklets about as long as the calyx or somewhat shorter; tube of the calyx semiovate-hemispherical, hardly as long as the semiglobular short-pointed smooth lid ; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion; anthers cuneate- or oval-oblong, opening by parallel slits ; stigma not dilated ; fruits topshaped-hemispherical, rather small, 3—-4-celled, slightly or not angular ; rim flat; valves exserted; placental axis not twice as long as broad, deltoid; seeds without appendage. In Timor. According to Blume’s description some leaves occur occasionally blunt and the lid conical. As in Malayan language it is along with Melaleuca Leucadendron called Cajuputi, it may perhaps furnish a portion of the medicinal oil of that name. The leaves of specimens, gathered by the meritorious Mr. Teysmann of the Botanic Garden of Buitenzorg and kindly communicated by Dr. Scheffer, are of a thickly chartaceous but not leathery consistence and attain a breadth of 3 inches. The umbels, while in a very young state, are enveloped in a conical bract. Neither expanded flowers, nor matured seeds of Timor-specimens, were available for examination at this opportunity. From the material before me, it remains doubtful, whether really E. tectifica can be identified with this Timor-species ; the bark of the Carpentaria-tree being persistent and rough as well on the branches as on the stem, though it is certainly also pale outside and is used by the Aborigines there for constructing the rude roofs of their sleeping places; the leaf-stalks are shorter, the leaves generally narrower, the umbels sometimes short-paniculate and terminal. E. platyphylla (F. v. M., in the Journal of Proceedings of the Linnean Society i. 93) approaches closely to E. alba ; the leaves are mostly broader, the lid is generally shorter and blunt and the valves less exserted ; its foliage sheds for short periods almost entirely. The range of variability of these trees remains yet to be further ascertained by extended field-researches. The number of Extra-Australian species of Eucalyptus is extremely limited, so far as hitherto known, although additional congeners may perhaps yet be obtained from New Guinea, and even there possibly from alpine regions. With certainty we know from localities beyond Australia hitherto only E. alba, E. Moluccana (Roxburgh flora Indica i. 498), E. Decaisneana (Blume, Museum botanicum Lugduno-Batavum i. 83), also from Timor, and H. Papuana (F. v. M., De- scriptive Notes on Papuan Plants i. 8), which bears close affinity to E. clavigera. The existence of at least one more species in South-Eastern New Guinea has been placed beyond doubt ; but of that the foliage has only yet been seen, in which respect it seems not to differ from H. alba. Indeed also E. Decaisneana, if rightly recognized, may prove only a variety of E. alba. E. Leu- cadendron (Reinwardt in De Vriese plant Reinwardtiane p. 63) is according to Miquel 1. c. 1085 synonymous with E. alba. Dr. Scheffer, informs me, that it has a white blurring bark, much resembling that of Melaleuca Leucadendron, and that the Timor name therefore is Kajoe-poetih EUCALYPTUS ALBA. (or White-tree), and that the tree can be grown on the plains of Java, where most other Eucalypts will not succeed. It is never a very tall tree and begins to flower already in the third year of growth. It may be added, that the bark of H. tectifica and allied Australian species is not lamellar like that of Melaleuca Leucadendron. The absence of Eucalypts in the native vegetation of New Zealand is under these circumstances all the more remarkable, though certainly a vast proportion of the flora of those islands is endemic. But an Eucalyptus-like tree has recently been recorded from New Ireland by the Rev. Mr. Brown as forming forests in that island. This, like all other Eucalypts, passes in vernacular language as a “ Gum-tree,” an objectionable appellation, which should be banished and superseded by that of “ Eucalypts,” as first insisted on by the writer. The name “ Gum-trees” would indeed be far better applicable to our native Acacias, which exude real gum as understood in chemical science and is quite identical with Gum Arabic, whereas the exudations of Eucalypts must be classed with the various kinds of Kino. Expianation or Anatytic Derarts.—l, unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 3 and 4, back- and front-view of a stamen ; 5, style and stigma; 6 and 7, transverse and longi- tudinal section of fruit ; 8 and 9, fertile and sterile seeds ; 10, portion of a leaf; all more or less magnified. Te ceteaeae Melb. Steam Lrtho Cov. Printing Office Fv.M. derrexrt. jgucalyptus botryoides. Smcth. n del. C.Troedel & G? Lcth. BAut EUCALYPTUS BOTRYOIDES. Smith, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London iii. 286 (1796); De Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 219; F. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 48 & 175; Bentham flora Australiensis iii. 229; E. platypodos, Cavanilles, icones et descriptiones plantarum iv. 23, t. 341 (1797). Finally tall ; branchlets angular ; leaves scattered, elongate- or sickleshaped-lanceolar, rarely verging towards an oval form, above darker green and shining, beneath paler and dull-greenish, lateral veins almost transversely spreading, close, subtle, the circumferential vein near to the edge of the leaf; oil-dots much concealed or soon obliterated ; flowerstalks broadly compresssed, axillary and solitary, sometimes crowded, seldom somewhat paniculated, bearing usually 4-9 flowers ; calyces almost or entirely devoid of stalklets, not or somewhat angular ; lid almost hemispherical, quite blunt or slightly pointed, about half as long as the almost obconic tube or rarely nearly as long ; stamens all fertile; anthers nearly oval, opening by longitudinal slits ; stigma hardly broader than the comparatively short style ; fruits semiovate or hemiellipsoid, 3—5-celled, lined by slight angles or not angular ; rim narrow ; valves short, inserted close beneath the orifice, not emerging ; seeds all without appendage, the sterile much narrower than the fertile seeds. From Lake Tyers and the lower Snowy River through Hast-Gippsland to the southern portion of New South Wales, there westwards not crossing the Dividing Range, following mostly river- courses, but occurring also in moist sandy localities close to the seacoast. Probably it does not extend into Queensland, as the Blue Gum-tree mentioned from thence is referable to a species of the series of Leiophloiz, probably E. saligna. The shady and horizontal dark-green foliage of this beautiful tree give it among Victorian species quite a peculiar and imposing aspect, reminding rather of an Eugenia than an Eucalyptus. Stems will occasionally attain a height of 80 feet without a branch and a diameter of 8 feet. It is one of the few among its congeners, which with advantage can be utilized for wood-culture on coast-sands. Bark persistent on the stem and main branches, outside dark, wrinkled and some- what furrowed. Wood light-brown. When the tree has arisen on rich soil along running streams its wood is regarded as one of the best among those of Hucalypts, and is then utilized for the manufacture of waggons, trucks, all the heavier kinds of wheelwrights’ work, particularly felloes ; it is also very eligible for shingles as water does not become discolored by them ; when the tree grows on coast-sands its wood is still useful for sawing and fencing, though the stems occur there often gnarled (Kirton) ; sought also for knees of vessels or boats (Woolls) ; the timber is usually sound to the centre. The various accounts given of its durability under ground are contradictory. Tt is rather unfortunate, that so unmeaning a name as “ Bastard Mahogany” has found its way extensively into colonial language for the tree; the natives of Hast-Gippsland call it “ Binnak,” those near Port Jackson “ Bangalay.” The specific names given by Sir James Smith and the Abbé Cavanilles to this tree are nearly contemporaneous, that of the forther—supposed to allude to the umbels sometimes (but indeed not frequently) grape-like crowded into bunches— being less expressive of the characteristics of this species, than the appellation given by the Spanish phytographer in allusion to the flatness of the flowerstalks. It differs from E. goniocalyx in still more persistent bark, in the almost horizontal not nearly vertical turn of the leaves (resulting in a saturated green of their upper surface and in a paleness of the lower page as well as in hypogenous stomata only), further in their more numerous almost transversely spreading veins, somewhat blunter lid and generally rather less valves of the fruit ; EUCALYPTUS BOTRYOIDES. but it resembles that species in its head-like umbels, the broad compressed two-edged flowerstalks and the form as well as structure of the fruit. E. resinifera, compared to E. botryoides, shows the leaves rather narrower, the flowerstalks not quite so broad, the calyces provided with distinct stalklets, the lid conical and more elongated, the fruits comparatively shorter with their valves exserted. E. saligna is in nature easily enough distinguished by the smoothness of its bark, which secedes in its outer layers successively ; otherwise the differences are slight, consisting in the often somewhat longer lid and in fruits with half exserted valves. E. robusta is known as distinct from E. botryoides by the larger size of the flowers and fruits and often also the leaves, by the more extended flowerstalks and particularly by the longer- pointed pale never shining lid, which at the base is broader than the calyx-tube, and by the longer fruits with comparatively narrow and almost permanently coherent valves. Expianation or Anatytic Deraris.—l, upper portion of unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 3, stamens in situ; 4 and 5, front- and back-view of an anther with portion of filament; 6, pistil; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of fruit; 9 and 10, sterile and fertile seeds; 11, portion of a leaf; ali magnified, but in various degrees. the Gov. Prinktine Office Melb oa 8ae* Ey vii gireep By Y 3 Cunningham. Pel , , atVlg EUCALYPTUS CLAVIGERA. Allan Cunningham, in Walpers repertorium botanices systematic ii. 926 (1843); F. M., in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society iii. 98; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 250. Arborescent, not tall ; young branchlets often hairy-rough ; leaves partly opposite and sessile, partly scattered and short-stalked, either from a cordate or roundish base orbicular- or lanceolar- oval or from a short attenuated base oblong- or elongate-lanceolar, not shining ; lateral veins prominent, very spreading, rather distant, the circumferential vein removed from the edge or partly confluent with it ; wmbels crowded into mostly compound and lateral corymbs ; stalks short ; stalklets very slender, usually longer than the flowers ; unopened calyces pearshaped ; lid depressed- hemispherical, shining, much shorter than the tube of the calyx; stamens all fertile, deeply inflexed while in bud; anthers oblong-oval, opening by longitudinal slits; stigma not dilated ; fruits hemiellipsoid, slightly urnshaped, generally 3-celled, not angular ; rim very narrom, valves deeply enclosed ; seeds without any appendage. From the most northern regions of Western Australia along some of the coast-tracts of Arnhem’s Land to Carpentaria, in sterile country. A small tree (so far as known), flowering already while yet a shrub. Leaves somewhat wavy flexed, of a dull greyish hue; their lateral veins ascendingly curved, passing successively into the edge of the leaf and constituting an interrupted intramarginal vein ; the veinlets closely reticular, the ultimate areoles between them exceedingly small and somewhat pellucid from elongated pores but not well defined oil-dots. It is left to future labors to elucidate fully the microscopic anatomy of EHucalyptus-leaves in mutual contrast of various species, by which researches some of the specific forms of the genus are likely to'become still better defined. Stomata isogenous. Ultimate umbels containing six or fewer rarely more flowers ; tube of the calyx not angular, rather suddenly dilated upwards ; lid very smooth, almost membranous, quite blunt, or raised at its centre into a minute point, not rarely shortened to a patellar form. Name of the species from the somewhat club-like form of the united flowerbud and its stalklet. Bentham very properly places E. clavigera next to H. grandifolia and E. tesselaris. In the botanic collections, formed by Mr. Schultz at Port Darwin, specimens of HE. grandifolia occur, which show the leaves more generally opposite, all conspicuously stalked and all broad, the flowers larger on still longer and also stronger stalklets, the ld broader, not shining, somewhat wrinkled, more convex and prominently pointed ; fruit is not available for comparison. KE. tesselaris differs in all the branches being smooth, the leaves all scattered and narrow with closer veins, the flowers smaller on short stalklets and also generally fewer in each individual umbel and perhaps in its tesselar semipersistent bark. E. Papuana may not really be distinct as a species from E. clavigera, as pointed out formerly (IF. v. M., Descriptive Notes on Papuan Plants i. 8), but the tree from New Guinea is as yet imperfectly known, and we here are quite unacquainted with the characteristics of its bark, on which for due discrimination of Eucalypts so very much depends. Should E. Papuana prove identical with E. clavigera, we might then assume, that the Extra- Australian species had all emigrated perhaps through the agency of migratory birds, as even E. Decaisneana (if correctly here identified) may be only an extreme variety of H. alba, and as moreover the few phyllodinous Acacias known from New Guinea and the adjoining islands represent not endemic types but merely reappearing identical Australian forms. An opportunity is offered to refer here generally to the Hucalypts of Northern Australia, so far as they are hitherto known. The shrubby desert-species are as yet not much gathered in the EUCALYPTUS CLAVIGERA. few geographic journeys through the sandy and waterless regions, in which they often constitute a considerable proportion of the vegetation, and where their general monotony of forms is apt to conceal the variety of their specific types to hurriedly passing and perhaps harassed travellers. It is fair to assume, that some of these dwarf Eucalypts are likely to prove identical with extra- tropical congeners, inasmuch as already in 1856 I traced a considerable number of the desert-shrubs of the regions, pertaining to the Murray-River and its tributaries, as far as 20° north latitude. Among the timber-trees of North-Australia E. rostrata is one of the tallest and the most valuable ; but none of the species reach there the gigantic dimensions of several of their southern congeners, unless EH. Abergiana, E. Torelliana and possibly a few others on the litoral slopes of the Dividing Range in North-Queensland, where the jungles have as yet been but very imperfectly traversed. The following are the species, which hitherto became known from North- Australia :—Eucalyptus Abergiana, E. alba, E. aspera, E. brachyandra, EH. clavigera, E. Cloeziana, E. crebra, E. dichromophloia, E. exserta, E. ferruginea, E. grandifolia, E. latifolia, H. leptophleba, E. maculata, E. melanophloia, E. microtheca, E. miniata, E. odontocarpa, H. oligantha, E. pachy- phylla, E. pallidifolia, E. patellaris, E. perfoliata, EH. phcenicea, E. platyphylla, E. populifolia, E. pruinosa, E. ptychocarpa, E. resinifera, HE. rostrata, HE. setosa, E. tereticornis, E. terminalis, E. tesselaris, E. tetrodonta, E. Torelliana. The sections Renantheree and Hemianthere are, as far as hitherto known, not represented in North-Australia. Expranation or Anatytic Detains.—l, unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3, stamens in situ; 4 and 5, front- and back-view of an anther with part of filament; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of a fruit; 9 and 10, fertile and sterile seeds; 11, portion of a leaf; all more or less magnified. Litho Gov Printing OfGes Melb Sleam FeM direct alyptus Woratoxylon., / vis C Troedel &69 Lith ae. Tod" AUG EUCALYPTUS DORATOXYLON. F. v. Mueller, fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 55 (1860); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 249; F. v. M., select plants for industrial culture and naturalization p. 78; Indian Edition p. 111. Shrubby, finally arborescent ; leaves small, opposite, linear- or narrow- lanceolar, on very short stalks, slightly or hardly curved, equally green on both sides, not conspicuously dotted ; lateral veins faint, rather close, moderately or much spreading, the circumferential vein evidently removed from the margin of the leaf; wmbels bent downward, on recurved slender compressed stalks, solitary, axillary or soon lateral, with 4 to 8 flowers ; stalklets thin, angular, usually about as long as the tube of the flowering calyx, but shorter than the fruit ; lid smooth, below semiovate-hemispherical, conspicuously terminated into a beak-like point, rather longer than the obverse-conical or hemi- ellipsoid not angular tube ; stamens inflexed before expansion ; outer filaments without anthers ; fertile filaments very short; anthers very minute, nearly oval, opening by longitudinal slits ; width of the stigma hardly exceeding that of the style; fruits small, broadly truncate-ovate or verging towards a spherical form, slightly wrinkled, 3- rarely 4-celled ; their rim narrow ; valves enclosed, but reaching nearly or fully to the rim, very short; seeds extremely small, all without appendage, the sterile seeds not very narrow. From Lucky Bay (R. Brown), Cape Arid and Russell’s Range (Maxwell) to Stirling’s Range (F. v. M.) and Mount Lindsay extending to the most south-eastern sources of Swan-River (Muir), mostly in rich soil along brooks, reaching the summits of mountains up to 3,000 feet elevation. A tree, with a smooth stem, which attains 3 feet in diameter (Th. Muir), and with a com- parative small crown of foliage, not dissimilar in habit to H. salubris and E. salmonophloia (concerning which two species may be referred to my “ Report on the Forest-resources of Western Australia,” pages 13-14, pl. 14 and 15), fruiting sometimes already as a shrub of 6 feet ; growth not of celerity, about 40 feet in 20 years. Bark greenish-white. Leaves not much shining, as in very many congeners terminated by a curved narrow acumen ; occasionally some of the leaves displaced and not paired; reticular veinlets rather conspicuous and very close. Buds of the umbels enclosed in two connate bracts. Umbels when in fruit usually less turned downwards than when in flower. Valves inserted not distant from the orifice. The Aborigines of Western Australia wander for long distances to obtain saplings of this species for their spears, on account of the straightness of the stem and the hardness and elasticity of the wood ; hence the specific name and the vernacular “ Spearwood-Eucalypt.” BE. Doratoxylon approaches in systematic affinity to E. decurva, as pointed out by Bentham, who also justly observes, that both come near the Micranthere, to which along with EH. oleosa and its allies they might be readily referred, though placed by that illustrious phytographer into the series Normales (Parallelantheree). The differences between E. Doratoxylon and E. decurva consist in the mostly scattered and also broader leaves of the latter, the longer leafstalks, the larger umbels with longer stalklets, the depressed lids, the filaments more sharply refracted while in bud, the longer anthers and somewhat larger fruits. This pretty tree was introduced into the Melbourne botanic garden very many years ago. Expnanation or Anatytic Detaris.—l, an unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3, some stamens in situ; 4, 5 and 6, side-, front- and back-view of an anther, with portion of filament ; 7, style and stigma; 8 and 9, transverse and longitudinal section of a fruit ; 10 and 11, fertile and sterile seeds; all magnified, but in various degrees. EUCALYPTUS DORATOXYLON. The chemical analysis of the leaves (by Mr. Rummel under the author’s direction) gave the following results :— I. From lead-precipitate, insoluble in diluted acetic acid, Eucalypto-tannic acid, not soluble in ether. II. From lead-precipitate, soluble in diluted acetic acid, Eucalyptoic acid, soluble in ether, Fruitsugar, soluble in alcohol but not in ether, Gum, soluble in water, but neither in alcohol nor ether. III. From aqueous solution, not precipitable by subacetate of lead, Eucalyptin, soluble in ether, Fruitsugar, Gum. The percentage of these substances in dried leaves proved to be as follows :— Eucalypto-tannic acid aa an vas 701 Kucalyptoic acid =... ois abe bis 20 Eucalyptin ... ss ote ie ss 22 Fruitsugar ... ies a tee aie 5:41 Gum ‘ ams 7°64 It will thus be observed, that unlike in leaves of E. rostrata, gallic acid is absent in those of E. Doratoxylon, that the percentage of Hucalypto-tannin and gum is greater, but that of fruitsugar less. “ace Melb art. Lithe Gov Printing Ream FveM dient. oat deb C Troedel & 99 Lith am e°9 Bnealyptus Guantl, / Hooker EUCALYPTUS GUNNII. J. Hooker, in the London Journal of Botany iii. 499 (1844); flora Tasmanica i, 134, t.27; F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 62; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 246; E. acervula, J. Hooker, flora Tasmanica i. 135. The Swamp-Gum-tree or Cider-Eucalypt. Leaves scattered, oval- or oblong- or elongate-lanceolar or almost oval, acute at the base and apex, not very inequilateral, rigid, shining and of equal and saturated green on both sides, their oil-dots concealed or hardly developed, their lateral veins slightly prominent, somewhat distant and moderately spreading, the circumferential vein distinctly removed from the edge of the leaf ; umbels solitary, axillary and lateral, 3-10-flowered ; stalklets usually short or even hardly any, seldom much elongated ; tube of the calyx obconical-semiovate or faintly bellshaped, from slightly to doubly exceeding the length of the mostly hemispheric and short-pointed lid; stamens all fertile, inflected before expansion ; anthers almost oval, bursting by longitudinal parallel slits ; style short ; stigma depressed ; fruits topshaped-semiovate, seldoin slightly bellshaped, not angular, 3-4- or rarely 5-celled ; rim rather narrow ; valves very short, deltoid, fixed close to the orifice, almost enclosed ; seeds all without appendages. From the vicinity of Guichen-Bay and Lake Bonney eastward to Gippsland, on alluvial flats particularly in swampy places, but also on the sides of moist forest-hills and silvan mountains, ascending in a dwarf state our alpine regions up to 5,500 feet height, extending at least as far as Berrima into New South Wales (Woolls), frequent in Tasmania. A tree, rising under most favorable circumstances to a height of 250 feet, but usually not tall, often of crooked growth, sometimes also dwarfed and exceptionally even somewhat procumbent on coast-ridges, passing not unfrequently as a White Gum-tree, also occasionally under the designation Yellow Gum-tree. Bark constantly under the process of separation (Howitt), rough and dark- or greyish-brown at the b butt or also on a portion of the stem or even sometimes up to some of the main limbs, or in many cases smooth on the stem as well as on the branches, then greyish or verging into a yellowish or brownish coloration. Hence the tree fluctuates in its cortical charac- teristics between Leiophloiz and Hemiphloiz. Wood hard, very good for many purposes of artisans, if straight stems are obtainable, as a rule not splitting well, but fair for fuel. Branches very spreading. Mass of the foliage more dark, dense and shady than in many other Eucalypts. Leaves shorter and comparatively broader and also stiffer in the alpine state of the species, often somewhat undulated in the large lowland-form, occasionally and more particularly towards the margin assuming a reddish tinge. Stalks usually shorter than the umbels, more or less angular, but not dilated, sometimes almost obliterated, bearing in the alpine variety occasionally merely two or one flower, only in abnormal rare instances a few umbels crowded into panicles. Lid occasionally very depressed and almost blunt, in other exceptional cases upwards nearly conical. The calyces and young branches of plants of the coldest regions not rarely covered with a whitish bloom. Leaves of young seedlings opposite, roundish, powdery-whitish or in the tall variety not pruinous. In the Alps this species flowers already at a height of several feet, forming there, associated with dwarfed E. pauciflora, mainly the miniature-forests ; a shrubby state producing flowers may now and then also be met on coast-borders. The foliage has not decidedly the penetrating strong Cajuput-odor of most congeners ; hence cattle and sheep readily browse on it, a circumstance very unusual among Eucalypts, though noticed also in the case of E. coryno- calyx. EUCALYPTUS GUNNII. The sap of at least the alpine variety has a not unpleasant taste, and bush-people have converted it occasionally into a kind of cider. Our Swamp-Gum-tree has been confined on this occasion within the same specific limits, assigned to it (fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 62) in 1860, although Bentham restricted E. Gunnii to the highland-form, and kept apart from it the tall lowland-state of the species with larger and particularly more elongated leaves, with generally more flowers in each umbel on longer stalks and stalklets, and with rather more topshaped not somewhat bellshaped and usually also smaller fruits. Middle forms can however be traced through the different regions of altitude, inhabited by this species. These observations were confirmed in Tasmania by Mr. F. Abbott, who noted, that E. Gunnii descends there to about one thousand feet of the sea-level and forms then trees up _to 150 and even 200 feet high. But in the Flora Australiensis ili. 243 the lowland-variety of E. Gunnii was united with E. Stuartiana as now understood; the discrepancies between the two are set forth in the text of the last mentioned species. In their native haunts these two kinds of trees can be much more easily distinguished, than is possible from branchlets in Museum-collections. A confusion with E. viminalis, contrasted on the same occasion, is much less likely. Miquel (Nederlandisk Kruitkundig Archiev iv. 1859) referred states of E. Gunnii doubtfully to E. ligustrina of Candolle, E. Baueriana of Schauer and E. persicifolia of Loddiges. A solitary experiment gave the percentage of Kino-tannin in the bark of E. Gunnii as 3-44: hence the yield is not likely under any circumstances rich. The following are results in this respect obtained from other congeners: E. amygdalina 3°22-3-40; E. globulus 4:84; E. gonio- calyx 4:12-4:62 ; E. Leucoxylon 21:94; E. macrorrhyncha 11:12-13-41; E. melliodora 4-03 ; E. obliqua 2:50-4:19 ; E. polyanthema 3°97 ; E. rostrata 8:22 ; E. viminalis 4:88-5:97. Expranation oF ANatytic Detains.—l, an unexpanded flower, its lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of the same; 3, some stamens in situ; 4, 5 and 6, back-, side- and front-view of an anther, with portion of its filament ; 7, style with stigma; 8, longitudinal sections of fruit ; 9, transverse sections of fruit; 10 and 11, fertile and sterile seeds; 12, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but to various extent. MES pa EELS teym Litho Gov. Prinung Office Melb. ot a Fi 1 ler drexit alyptus Plz Baron von ‘fue Asien del et Lith. homlana., vi cs J ¢ i6 ‘HUe EUCALYPTUS PLANCHONIANA. F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie xi. 43 (1878). Branchlets very angular; leaves scattered, sickleshaped-lanceolar, prolonged into a narrow apex, slightly less shining beneath, not pellucid-dotted, with subtle much spreading not crowded veins, the circumferential vein somewhat removed from the edge ; flowers 3-7 together on solitary axillary broadly compressed stalks; stalklets thick, very short or hardly any ; tube of the calyx cylindrical-semiovate, furrowed ; Lid from a semiovate base narrow-conical, about as long as the tube, both longitudinally streaked ; stamens all fertile ; anthers ovate- or roundish-cordate, opening with longitudinal slits ; style rather long ; stigma not dilated ; fruit comparatively large, globose-ovate, truncated, 3—4-celled, streaked by angular lines; their margin narrow, vertically descending ; valves short, deltoid, rather deeply enclosed ; seeds without any appendage, the sterile not much smaller than the fertile seeds. On arid somewhat sandy or more particularly rocky ridges near Moreton-Bay (Bailey). Height of tree up to about 100 feet ; diameter of stem to 3 feet. Timber sound, heavy, hard and durable, well adapted for sawing, but not easy to split. The foliage is massive and hence the tree more shady than many other Eucalypts. (Bailey.) This species bears similarity chiefly to E. rigida var. Luehmanniana ; the latter differs however in the whitish bloom of its branchlets, flowerstalks and calyces, in leaves of thicker consistence with less divergent and more prominent veins, in the presence of stomata in about equal number on both pages of the leaves (EH. Planchoniana having them only on the underpage and there more copiously too, about 165,000 to a square inch), in the rather shorter and still broader flowerstalks, in somewhat shorter calyces with more pointed lids, in broader anthers with more divergent slits and a smaller gland, in fruits of less size, not at all contracted at the summit, with more numerous cells and a broad convex rim, in valves not deeply enclosed, but originating at the orifice, and in the seeds being smaller. The affinity of E. incrassata is more remote. In some respects H. Planchoniana reminds of EH. pilularis, notwithstanding the much larger flowers and fruits, the almost total absence of stalklets, the heartshaped anthers and the more prominent tim of the fruit-calyx. The dedication of this stately species is to Dr. J. E. Planchon, Member of the Institute of France, Director of the Botanic Garden of Montpellier, famed not only for his researches on the Phylloxera, but also for his extensive phytologic writings, who was one of the first to cultivate Eucalyptus globulus and other important congeners on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, and who wrote an important article on Eucalyptus-culture in the Revue des Deux-Mondes, Janvier 1875. With the quality of the wood of E. Planchoniana we remained hitherto unacquainted, but doubtless it serves for many of those technic purposes, for which the ordinary Australian Hard- woods are applicable. Ina Report on the Vegetable Products of the Intercolonial Exhibition of 1866-1867 I already recorded, that wood-vinegar, alcohol, and tar, are obtainable from all kinds of Eucalyptus-wood (and indeed from any kind of wood) through dry distillation, hence also from E. Planchoniana, though its timber may prove too valuable to be sacrificed for such purposes. The percentage of these educts from Hucalypts is rather uniform, provided the temperature, at which the decomposition of the wood is effected, remains at an uniform standard. It is therefore not merely from E. rostrata, E. Leucoxylon and H. obliqua that tar is obtained, although these species were among those, which I singled out for the experiments (conducted by Mr. C. Hoffmann EUCALYPTUS PLANCHONIANA. under my directions), simply because their wood is very extensively available in Victoria, and largely went to waste ; whereas a document, presented not very long ago to Parliament in a neighboring colony and reproduced in the Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, vol. xili. pag. Ixv.—Ixvi., and in some other journals, would lead to the impression, that only the three above-named Eucalypts furnish wood-vinegar (and therefore acetic acid) and tar (and therefore also pitch and empyreumatic oils). In the same manner a// Eucalypts are pervaded to a greater or lesser extent by Cajuput-like oil, but E. viminalis is particularly among the poorest in yield of this oil, as proved in the Victorian experiments made by Mr. Osborne, Mr. Bosisto and Mr. W. Johnson on the writer’s suggestions for former exhibitions. Again I caused paper to be prepared in my laboratory from the bark of the above noticed species of Eucalyptus, not because that they alone furnish the raw material, but because they were simply for us most handy at the time for at random demonstrating by a few examples of what indeed holds good for a great genus of trees with numerous species. Extra-samples of these preparations were freely distributed to museums of vegetable products also in the adjoining colonies. The Kino of E. Planchoniana is one of yery great astringency and therefore particularly valuable for therapeutic purposes ; after adherent impurities are removed by alcohol, it is found to be composed mainly of Kino-tannic acid, the percentage being 93°88 of that acid, the rest (6:12) consisting simply of real gum and seems quite free of gallic acid. Kino-tannic acid differs from the allied Eucalypto-tannic acid (occurring in the leaves of Eucalypts) by producing a dark- blue (instead of a green) precipitate with chlorid of iron. The aged wood of E. Planvhoniana contains,—as far as a solitary experiment has shown,— 6,900 vascular tubes and 270 medullary rays within a square inch; the largest diameter of the prosenchyma cells proved 00094,—the thickness of their cell-walls 00050 inch. Expianation or Anatytic Detaits.—l, upper portion of an unexpanded flower, the lid separated ; 2, longi- tudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3, stamens in situ; 4 and 5, front- and back-view of an anther with portion of the filament; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, transverse and longitudinal section of fruit; 9 and 10, sterile and fertile seeds ; all more or less magnified, but in various degrees. AD 4 S a = os A 5 ° ry EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA. Schlechtendal, Linnea xx. 655 (1847); F.v. M., in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society iti. 83 ; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii, 240; F. v. M., forest-resources of Western Australia p. 9 (1879); E. acuminata, Hooker, in Mitchell’s Journal of an Expedition into Tropical Australia 390 (1848) ; E. brachypoda, Turezaninow, in Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1849 iii. 21, not of Bentham. Finally tall; branchlets slender ; leaves scattered, lanceolar-sickleshaped, of equal color on both sides ; lateral veins rather subtle, crowded, pinnate-spreading ; the circumferential vein somewhat removed from the edge; oil-dots scanty or obscured; umbels axillary or lateral, solitary, on slender stalks, usually with from 4 to 14 flowers; stalklets thin, variously shorter than the calyx or sometimes nearly as long ; lid longer than the semiglobular tube of the calyx, from an almyost hemispheric base gradually or suddenly sharp-pointed or rarely almost blunt ; stamens all fertile ; anthers nearly ovate, bursting with longitudinal slits; stigma not dilated ; Fruit roundish in outline from the hemispheric calyx-tube, the broad protruding convex rim and the 3 or oftener 4, rarely 5 high-exserted deltoid valves, not large ; seeds small, all without any appendage, the sterile seeds very narrow. ——- Along river-banks or in alluvial valleys throughout nearly the whole Australian continent, but absent from some of the coast-country, from the extreme of South-West Australia and altogether from Tasmania, nowhere ascending high mountain altitudes, nor occurring away from moist oases in any desert-regions, reaching the coast-borders in Victoria, South-Australia and also at least occasionally in South-Queensland, traced by me lkewise to litoral tracts on the lower Victoria-River in Arnhem’s Land and in West Australia south to the Murchison-River. This species, our famous “ Red Gum-tree,” is perhaps the most important of the whole genus ; although surpassed in celerity of growth by E. globulus, it is of higher value for the extraordinary durability of its timber, having in this respect perhaps a rival only in H. marginata of South- West Australia, but excelling that celebrated tree in increased rapidity of growth and in the greater ease, with which it can be reared even in grounds with stagnant humidity. It never becomes so tall as the surpassingly gigantic states of E. amygdalina, E. diversicolor or E. obliqua; but often attains a height of over 100 feet, and is said to have reached under particularly favorable circumstances even more than double that height, 250 feet according to Mr. Falck. The stem is proportionately stout, yielding a great bulk of timber, a diameter of 14 feet being on record. The bark is smooth, ashey-grey or whitish, or occasionally in part slightly brownish, from early decortication of its darker outer layers, unless it should remain persistently rough on the base of the stem, or should in trees growing exceptionally on dry ridges be more persistent and less smooth. The tree will live even in permanent shallow swamps. As this tree on account of its incomparably valuable timber will be made the subject of many cultural efforts and experimental tests here and abroad, many additional observations concerning this species will likely be instituted for many years to come, which can in time also be collected in supplementary pages for these Eucalyptus decades. Even in California, where the indigenous forests supply the most magnificent timber-pines of the globe, it is found far more advantageous to rear Eucalyptus-wood for fuel and for many other purposes, for which it is adapted, than to grow fir-wood. E. rostrata carries with it the recommendation of being one of the best of its congeners to resist wet tropical heat. Thus in Mauritius it grew 50 feet in sixteen years. The vernacular name of “Red Gum-tree” is derived from the dark reddish-brown color of the wood, the specific appellation from the beak-like pointed lid of the calyx. The natives of the lower Murrumbidgee call it “Biall.” The leaves verge exceptionally into an oblong- or oval-lanceolar form ; they are EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA. neither very shining, nor of very dark-green, indeed not rarely of a dull and pale hue, particularly in arid regions of the interior. The umbels are sometimes crowded, but never strictly paniculated. A narrow and elongated outer quickly deciduous operculum covers not rarely the normal lid. The writer gave to this tree already in 1847 the name of E. longirostris, before that bestowed by Schlechtendal was published ; and as the now generally adopted designation had been anticipated by the Abbé Cavanilles (for the previously established E. robusta), the name E. longirostris found its way into several publications, for instance the Nederlandisk Kruitkundig Archief of 1859, p. 125. On the whole this is one of the most easily recognized of all species; still instances occur, when it merges almost into E. viminalis and completely into E. tereticornis ; indeed from a strictly phytographic view it should be considered merely a variety of that speties, but for convenience sake and practical purposes the specific name may well be retained for so important a tree as this. It is also almost linked by exceptional transit-forms with E. rudis, which takes its place in litoral South-West Australia, while E. tereticornis replaces it in many coast-tracts of Queensland, New South Wales and Gippsland. The only differences of E. tereticornis consist in the generally more elongated and often blunter lid of the calyx, very gradually tapering upwards, constituting a narrow cone, and in the perhaps rather more protruding summit of the fruit ; the filaments are also often straight while in bud, as in E. cornuta and its allies, through not being forced to inflexion within the long cavity of the lid. In respect to the fruit E. exserta approaches closer to E. tereticornis than to E. rostrata, differing from both in the persistency of its outside wrinkled and rough, inside somewhat fibrous bark ; both E. tereticornis and E. exserta have the stalklets often thicker and shorter than E. rostrata. E. exserta, the “ Bendo” of the Aborigines (O’Shanesy), is now known to range from the Burnett- to the Gilbert-River, but does not extend to West Australia. The main distinctions of E. viminalis consist in its having typically only three flowers to each stalk, in the generally shorter stalklets, in the lid being never contracted into a long beak-like acumen and in the valves not being so much elevated above the margin of the fruit- calyx by the intervening rim. In EH. rudis the bark is extensively persistent and rough, the leaves are often broader, hardly so regularly and distinctly feather-veined, the flowers are fewer in the umbels and mostly larger, the calyces are often dark-colored, the lid is almost conical, the half- ripe fruit somewhat bellshaped on account of its prominent narrow slightly expanding margin, the ovary is then more sunk, the ripe fruit is usually larger, less or not rounded at the summit, but rather semiovate, not very convex, nor very wide at the rim, by which means the exserted portion is more evidently shorter than the tube of the fruit-calyx, or the valves may remain even half enclosed ; to these distinctions may be added, that the leaves of young seedlings are roundish and almost sessile, not narrow-lanceolar as in E. rostrata. The distinction of E. patellaris is still more evident. E. rostrata supphes our well known Red Gum-timber, which is so highly prized for its unsurpassed durability, especially under ground ; it is very dense and in its grain flexuous but comparatively short, bearing an enormous downward pressure and is but slightly subject to longitudinal shrinking ; it remains for very long periods indestructible in fresh or salt water or in wet ground. Its principal uses are for railway-sleepers, telegraph poles, fence- and other posts, piles. bridge-planks, culverts, wheelwrights’ work (especially felloes), engine-buffers ; shipbuilders employ it extensively for main-stem, stern-post, inner post, deadwood, floor-timbers, futtocks, transoms, knighthead, hawse-pieces, cant-, stern-, quarter- and fashion-timber, bottom planks, breasthooks and riders, windlass, bowrails &c.; it should be steamed before it is worked for EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA. curving. Next to the Jarrah from West Australia it is the best to resist the attacks of the Teredo and Chelura and Termites. It takes a good polish and may thus be used for furniture, though it is rather heavy and difficult to work on account of its great hardness. The specific gravity of Red Gum-wood ranges from 0°858 to 1-005, or from 534 to 624 Ibs. per cubic foot. Mr. F. Campbell found the tensile strength to be equal to a pressure of 14,000 to 21,500 lbs. per square inch. A ton of dry wood has yielded as much as 4 lbs. of pearlash or 24 lbs. of pure potash. For further details see the reports of the jurors of the successive great Melbourne Exhibitions, from which part of the above notes was obtained. Dr. H. Nordlinger of Hohenheim has given in the sixth part of his “ Querschnitte von Holzarten” (1874, p. 19) a short anatomic description of the wood of E. rostrata. Dr. Josef Moeller of Marienburg has subjected this wood to a fuller anatomic examination. We all find the medullary rays flexuous, very numerous and fine, formed by one, two or three rows of cells, which are thin-walled, considerably longer than broad, and where they approach the vascular tubes dotted by pores; the concentric rings are indicated by the alternating greater and lesser number of the vascular tubes or their absence ; the latter isolated, on transverse sections their walls are circular or elliptical, with an average diameter of 0°15 millimeter; they are also copiously dotted, comparatively not thick, and contain often thin-walled cells with red-brown particles, which are soluble in a solution of caustic potash ; these are contained also in the other elements of the wood ; the parenchyma-cells are rather scantily dispersed but increased in number around the vascular tubes, without however completely surrounding them, not much thicker than the wood-fibres, but somewhat porous and with ampler cavity ; wood-fibres of an average width of 0-015 millimeter, thick-walled and dotted, mostly attenuated into a fine extremity, often curved and occasionally ramified, some forming a solitary line between any double row of medullary rays. The fresh bark contains from 7 to 8 per cent. Kino, which for therapeutic purposes is regarded as one of the most efficient of its kind. The air-dried wood of E. rostrata contained according to one experiment 4°38 per cent. of Kino-tannin and 16-62 per cent. of Kino-red ; the latter (allied to Phlobaphen) is soluble in alcohol but not in water; the large percentage of these two substances in our Red Gum-wood is only rivalled, as far as known, by that of the hardest kind of Jarrah-wood (from E. marginata), and we have thus a clue to the extraordinary power of these two kinds of wood to resist decay in water and under ground and to be impervious to boring insects or crustacea. The fresh leaves, chemically analysed for their organic constituents by Mr. L. Rummel under my direction, contain: Eucalypto-gallic acid -88, eucalypto-tannic acid 4:68, eucalyptoic acid -16, gum 2°50, eucalyptin 72, fruitsugar 10°42. The mode of operation for the chemical analysis of eucalyptus leaves, adopted on this occasion, was the following: The fresh leaves were exhausted with boiling water, the clear liquid evaporated to honey-consistence, and this extract mixed with about three times its volume of alcohol. The sediment thus obtained, consisting mainly of gum-like substance, was separated from the liquid, and the latter evaporated for driving off the alcohol. Renewed treatment of the remaining extract with cold water removed indifferent chiefly resinous substances. The clear liquid was precipitated with subacetate of lead (applied slightly in excess) and the precipitate A separated from the liquid B by filtration. A. The precipitate was treated with diluted acetic acid and the insoluble portion (a) removed from the remaining solution (4) by means of filtering. (a). The lead-compound, insoluble in acetic acid, was mixed with alcohol and decomposed by sulphuret of hydrogen. The filtered solution yielded after evaporation 1, Eucalypto- EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA. tannic acid, which remains when the aqueous solution is shaken with ether, in which it dissolves only to a small extent; it is amorphous, of brownish color, of astringent taste, precipitates glue as well as tartrated antimony and chloride of iron, the latter with dark- green color ; is itself precipitated from a strong solution by concentrated sulphuric acid and is not decomposed by boiling with diluted sulphuric acid. 2, Eucalypto-gallic acid (H. Weber’s eucalyptic acid) ; it dissolves in 34 parts of cold water, easily in hot water as well as in alcohol and ether; it forms whitish or yellowish long rectangular prisms or needles of acid astringent taste ; its solutions turn yellow with alkalies, does not precipitate glue (whereby it is separable from traces of tannic acid), yields a dark-blue solution with chloride of iron, which on addition of ammonia acquires a rich deep purple tinge, afterwards changing to claret-color, produces on careful heating pyro-gallic acid as a white lamellar sublimate of bitter taste and of the characteristic reactions towards nitrate of silver, lime- water, sesquichloride of iron and also sulphate of iron. (4). The solution of the lead-compound in acetic acid was acted on with sulphuret of hydrogen to eliminate the lead, and the liquid filtered off and then reduced to concentration ; on shaking with ether it yielded to the latter: Lucalyptoic acid; this is also soluble in alcohol and in water ; it forms a yellowish substance, interspersed with star-like arranged hexagonal crystals and tablets, has a bitter taste, and is decomposed on boiling with diluted sulphuric acid into fruitsugar and another (as yet unexamined) substance. /ruitsugar, which reduces alkaline tartrate of copper, remained in the solution after the elimination of eucalyptoic acid. B. The proportion of the aqueous extract, not precipitable by subacetate of lead, was freed by sulphuret of hydrogen from the lead. The concentrated filtered liquid, on shaking with ether, yielded to the latter: Ewculyptin, which is amorphous (crystallisable according to H. Weber), of brownish-yellow color, of soft consistence, without odor, of very bitter taste, of neutral reaction, soluble in about 75 parts of cold water, in less of boiling water and in still less of alcohol and ether ; its aqueous solution, when boiled with diluted sulphuric acid, evolves a peculiar odor, precipitates a yellow resinous substance, and reduces alkaline tartrate of copper; it is not precipitable by tannic acid or any other reagents, indicative of alkaloids, nor seusibly affected by cold diluted acids nor by alkalies. /1wtsugar remained in the solution, from which the eucalyptin was withdrawn. It is left to be ascertained whether the febrifugal property, attributed to Eucalyptus-leaves, depends on the bitter glucosid, namely Eucalyptin, as seems probable, although the volatile Cujuput-like oil of the foliage possesses also undoubtedly powerful therapeutic efficacy. Gallic acid and its educt pyro-gallic acid is turned to account in photography, in dye-processes aud for other requirements of technology. Expianation oF ANALYTIC DeEtatts.—l, longitudinal section of unexpanded flower ; 2. side-, back- and front- view of stamens; 3, style and stigma; 4, 5 and 6, longitudinal section of fruit in its various stages; 7, transverse section of fruit; 8 and 9, sterile and fertile seeds; 10 and 11, transverse section of wood; 12 and 13, longitudinal section of wood; 1-9, moderately enlarged; 10-13, magnified 200-220 times. Anatomic Prats —l, cellular cuticle of leaf, showing also the breathing pores ; 2, transverse section of aged wood, with large openings of the vascular tubes, with rows of elongated cells, constituting the medullary rays, with parenchyma-cells scattered and more copious near the vascular tubes, and with transverse sections of closely aggre- gated woody fibres ; 3, tangential section of aged wood with wide and dotted vascular tubes, with transversely cut cell-rows of medullary rays, with sparingly dotted woody fibres and with parenchymatous ampler interstices; 4, radial section of aged wood, with wide vascular tubes, with cell-rows of medullary rays cut vertically, with sparingly dotted woody fibres and with parenchymatous ampler interstices ; all magnified 214 times diametrically. ot Gov Fraime Steam Titho ucalyptus rostrata. Schlechtendal, “Well Office Baron von Mueller darext . L Rummel del eae +. ee a ee eed ie a ome oer nee oi ithe. Gov Pricting Gite Me: Li Stearr suderopmloia. enlham ws A) 1. i galyy fi EUCALYPTUS SIDEROPHLOIA. Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 220; E. persicifolia, Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 217, partim, Finally tall ; leaves elongate- or narrow-lanceolar, moderately or not much curved, often not very inequilateral, of almost equal color on both sides; primary veins numerous subtle and very spreading, the circumferential vein near to the edge of the leaf; oil-dots much concealed ; umbels axillary, solitary or oftener many paniculated, with about a dozen or usually less flowers or some of the flowers only in pairs ; stalks and stalklets angular, not broadly dilated ; lid from a broad- conical base attenuated into a usually narrow summit ; tube obconical-semiovate, somewhat angular, gradually attenuated into the short stalklet, shorter than the lid; stamens all fertile, outer fila- ments not inflexed before expansion; anthers very minute, roundish, opening by broadish parallel slits or apertures ; stigma not or hardly broader than the style ; fruit almost semiovate, tapering at the base, faintly angular; rim rather narrow in age; valves 4 or sometimes 5, inserted near the orifice, at a level with the rim or half emerging ; seeds all without appendage, the sterile seeds not very narrow. From the south-eastern districts of Queensland to the vicinity of Port Jackson. This is the principal Ironbark-tree of New South Wales, furnishing the main-mass of timber of “Jronbark” there for the lumber-trade, four other species yielding additionally that class of wood in the sister-colony, namely E. crebra, E. melanophloia, E. paniculata and E. Leucoxylon, of all of which the latter species only extends to Victoria ; but Sydney Ironbark-timber, chiefly from K. siderophloia, used to be imported into our market also, being of particular value. Maximum height of the tree, according to Mr. Ch. Moore, 150 feet ; diameter of its stem to 4 feet. Bark totally persistent, deeply and somewhat anastomosingly furrowed ; the furrows yellowish- or dark- brown, without cross-fibres, the ridges yielding to pressure and fissurated (Dr. Beckler). Leaves not very shining, rarely verging into an oval form, more so in young trees, turning also sometimes sickleshaped ; stomata on both pages, but nearly twice as many below than above. Panicles short, axillary and terminal. Umbels not rarely compound. Stamens almost straight in bud, only slightly flexuose, thus imitating those of E. cornuta and its allies ; hence the anthers not concealed before the expansion of the flower by the inflection of the filaments. Rim of the young fruit encircled inside by a flat annular membrane. In the anthereal system of Bentham E. siderophloia belongs to the Micrantherz ; among the species of this series it is near to E. crebra, differing in broader and stiffer leaves with less isogenous stomata, thicker flowerstalks, larger flowers with a longer lid and also larger fruits, which are comparatively not so turgid. Moreover Mr. Walter Hill found on Darling’s Downs the bark of E. crebra decorticating as well as persistent, a variability as yet not noticed in HE. sidero- phloia. This tendency of the bark of E. crebra to secede at least from a portion of the branches was noticed also by the late Edw. Bowman on the Suttor-River. E. drepanophylla, which may be perhaps a mere variety of the imperfectly known E. lepto- phleba, is still nearer to HE. siderophloia than EH. crebra ; it is generally of more stunted growth ; its leaves are narrower, of a paler hue, more opaque, usually also more curved and provided with stomata of almost equal number on either page ; the flowerstalks are less angular and rather thinner ; the lid is blunter and only of about the same length as that of the calyx-tube; the filaments show a somewhat inflected curvature while in bud; the style is shorter and bears a slightly broader stigma. EUCALYPTUS SIDEROPHLOIA. E. Bowmanii is chiefly different from H. siderophloia in less shining leaves with about equal numbers of stomata on each side, mostly solitary umbels on a broadly compressed stalk, absence of stalklets, the lid not long-pointed, the filaments while in bud more twisted and possibly also in bark and fruit. The tree from Mount Elliott, referred to by Bentham under E. Bowmanii, belongs to E. drepanophylla. E. trachyphloia, placed by Bentham between E. siderophloia and EH. crebra, is much nearer allied to E. terminalis and E. dichromophloia (as shown in the fragm. phytogr. Austr. xi. 43-44), along which species it was placed already in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society ii. 90. E. pilularis is distinguished from E. siderophloia already by the sectional characteristic of Renanthere. E. fibrosa (F. v. M., in the Journal of the Linnean Society iii. 87) seems to be a variety of E. siderophloia with longer lid, which resembles that of E. tereticornis. Although it was published already in 1858, but only from specimens in flowerbud, its specific designation must give way to one so well chosen as that of E. siderophloia, especially as the bark now proves far less fibrous than that of the real Stringybark-trees. The Rev. Dr. Woolls observes, that the Botany-Bay Kino is more extensively obtained from E. siderophloia than from E. resinifera, which (as the specific name implies) is generally regarded as the main or even sole source of that drug. Indeed Allan Cunningham and some other observers gave to H. siderophloia the name of E. resinifera. Mr. C. Moore (Reports of the Intercolonial Exhibition of 1870 at Sydney, p. 655) remarks, that the timber is of the highest reputation for strength and durability, and much used for large beams, dray-poles, railway sleepers and other purposes, where great strength is required ; but its extreme hardness renders this wood difficult to work ; it is light-colored and heavy ; for spokes preference is here given to this over almost any other kind of wood, but the natural supply of it has become much exhausted. Exptanation oF Anatytic Detairs.—l, upper part of an unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, flowerbud, showing the almost straight stamens with many of the anthers unconcealed; 3, some stamens in situ; 4and 5, front- and back-view of an anther, with part of the filament ; 6, style and stigma; 7, longitudinal section of fruit; 8 and 9, transverse sections of fruit ; 10 and 11, fertile and sterile seeds ; 12, a panicle of smaller fruits ; 13, portion of a leaf ; all magnified, but to various extent. Steam Litho. Gov Printing Office Malb FaM direct 3 Stuart G ia) 8° Lath del & — Vroa . LVM eV qyay Q ype Awe EUCALYPTUS STUARTIANA. F. v. M., in Bentham’s flora Australiensis iii. 243 (partly). a The “ But-But” or Apple-scented Eucalypt. Finally tall; leaves scattered, lanceolar-sickleshaped, shining and equally dark-green on both sides, copiously dotted, but the oil-glands often partly concealed ; lateral veins very thin, considerably spreading, but neither crowded nor almost transverse, the circumferential vein distinctly removed from the edge ; umbels axillary or lateral, with usually more than three flowers, on a slender stalk and with short stalklets ; lid hemispherical, slightly pointed, shining, not much shorter than the semiovate smooth tube of the calyx ; stamens all fertile and inflexed while in bud ; anthers nearly oval, opening by longitudinal slits ; style very short ; stigma slightly dilated ; Sruit quite small, semiovate or topshaped, not angular, with deltoid exserted valves, oftener 3- than 4-celled ; rim convex, comparatively broad ; seeds small, all without any appendage. On rather sandy and moist tracts of country, occupying often low ridges, not rarely in Grasstree (Xanthorrheea) -country, from the Barwan and Curdie’s Inlet towards Cape Otway, from the middle regions adjacent to the Yarra extending to the Dandenong-Ranges and lower Gippsland, occurring also near Mudgee (Woolls), Camden and Yass (C. Moore), on the Upper Lachlan-River (Icely), at Berrima (Calvert), in the silurian formation of Adelong (Wilkinson), on the upper Clarence-River (Beckler), seemingly also extending to New England and the Condamine-River ; in Tasmania near Swanport (Story). When well developed a middle-sized tree, seldom attaining over 100 feet in height, unless occasionally on river-flats according to Mr. Howitt growing to larger size, of comparatively quick growth, the stem according to Mr. Boyle attaining a diameter of 15 inches in ten years. The main-branches are often widely spreading and less distant and more numerous than in many other Bucalypts, by which means the mass of foliage is rendered rather dense and shady ; the branchlets are slender and drooping. The wrinkled brownish dark persists not only on the stem, but also on the primary branches ; it is outside rather scaly than rugged, inside fibrous, whereby a position among the Pachyphloiz (or Inophloiz) is established for this species ; but the smaller branches are smooth. Stem oftener twisted and gnarled than straight. Wood hard, but splits not well; it is used for fence-posts of fair durability where the timber of E. rostrata is unobtainable, sometimes employed for rough sorts of furniture, as it takes polish well ; it affords also fair fuel. The flowers and fruits are not produced by this tree in so early a stage as those of many other species ; the stalk of the umbels only slightly or not compressed and not much elongated ; the stalklets sometimes almost obliterated. The lid of the calyx is generally mam- millar in shape, but the apex sometimes also attenuated conically. Stamens almost white. Fruits may be seen in rare cases 5-celled. It is possible, that in this species a smooth-barked variety occurs, as would appear exceptionally to be case, according to the notes of several collectors. A difficulty has arisen in giving a systematic designation to this species, inasmuch as in the Nederlandisk Kruidkundig Archiev iv. 131 and partly also in the flora Australiensis ili. 241-242 the name and description as well as the notes of localities apply to E. Gunnii; in the last- mentioned work even a portion of H. Stuartiana as circumscribed there belongs to E. viminalis. But as in the “Educational Collections of Australian Plants” issued in 1876 the specimens are distributed already in the limitation of the species as now here adopted, and as also in Mr. McIvor’s meritorious recent work on the “Chemistry of Agriculture” EH. Stuartiana in a chapter on “maintenance, creation and enrichment of forests” is defined according to the views now EUCALYPTUS STUARTIANA. promulgated here from ampler material and further field-studies, it seems better to maintain the name E. Stuartiana for the present species, than to give it a new specific appellation. The differences, which separate E. Stuartiana from E. viminalis, are as follow : the tree is more umbrageous by virtue of its comparatively spreading and dense branches and foliage, hence in this respect more like E. Gunnii; the bark is extensively persistent, of softer structure and more fibrous, so much so indeed as to allow this species to pass almost as a Stringybark-tree ; the leaves unlike those of E. viminalis afford no manna-like saccharine excretions, they are also of a more pleasant scent reminding slightly of the odor of apples, while their veins are not quite so spreading and the oil-dots generally more copious and transparent ; the stem of the seedlings is more quadrangular, their leaves are roundish or broad-ovate or even cordate, faintly tinged with whitish bloom, not very narrow nor bright-green as in E. viminalis, though at first likewise opposite and sessile; the wood is darker, when dry and aged very much so, as observed by Mr. Boyle, who confirms also most of the other characteristics here given, and states that this Eucalypt is often accompanied by a stunted state of E. obliqua, but keeps away from any richer adjoining ground of alluvial valleys, studded over by E. Gunnii and E. viminalis, contrasting with both species at the first glance in its bark; the foliage is of a more saturated and more shining green, the lateral veins of the leaves are rather more distant, not quite so spreading and hardly so distinctly visible ; the flowers in each umbel are as a rule 5-8, although sometimes they may also be reduced to 8 and very exceptionally even to 2 or 1; the lid of the calyx is usually shorter, if even only slightly so; the fruits are prevailingly 3-celled, not as in HE. viminalis predominently 4-celled and often somewhat smaller. The disparities, by which E. Stuartiana (as here adopted) can be distinguished from E. Gunnii, the real Swamp-Gum-tree, consist in its bark never decorticating to a perfect smoothness unless on the branches and upper part of the stem, in generally longer much narrower more curved and not almost equilateral leaves mostly of thinner consistence, with less prominent veins and more numerous pellucid oil-pores, in often smaller fruits with more protruding rim and valves, in which latter respects as well as in its leaves E. Stuartiana approaches more closely to E. viminalis than to E. Gunnii. It moreover reaches never any very high mountain-elevations, whereas the latter ascends actually up to alpine regions. The variety longifolia of E. Stuartiana, recorded by Bentham, belongs to E. punctata (Cand. Prodr. iii. 217 ; mem. des Myrtacées t. 4) the “ Leather-Jacket” of the colonists of New South Wales, which differs specifically in more solid and smoother bark, stouter very angular branchlets, leaves opaque and paler beneath, the lateral veins more spreading and finer still, the peripheric vein almost contiguous to the edge, nearly obliterated oil-dots, at least partially paniculated flowers, stronger more compressed and often longer flowerstalks, also usually thicker and more elongated stalklets, the lids longer and more gradually pointed, the stamens more elongated with seemingly darker filaments, the border of the ripe fruit less convex or even flat. E. Stuartiana bears the name of an assiduous collector of Tasmanian plants, who subsequently also largely contributed to our knowledge of the vegetation of New England through museum- material. The aboriginal appellation “ But-But” arose with the natives of Gippsland according to information from Mr. W. Howitt. Expranation oF Anatytic Detatzs.—l, an unexpanded flower, the lid lifted ; 2, longitudinal section of an un- expanded flower; 3, some stamensinsitu ; 4and 5, front- and back-view of anther with portion of filament ; 6, stigma and portion of style; 7, longitudinal section of young fruit; 8 and 9, transverse section of fruit; 10, longitudinal section of fruit; 11 and 12, fertile and sterile seeds; 13, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but to various extent. Baer, Sf. watt DC SN fie fe Hs, B ; Stearn Litho Gov Pemting Office Melb. a, 7Urczaninow direxih. ucalypmMs Une * FyvyM Pte esne B08 Lakh, Ted? del. i inital EUCALYPTUS UNCINATA. Turczaninow, in Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes i Moscou 1849, ii. 23; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 216 ; E. leptophylla, Miquel, in Nederlandisk Kruidkundig Archief iv. 123. Shrubby ; leaves scattered, on short stalks, usually xarrow-lanceolar, copiously dark-dotted, of equal green on both sides, never much elongated, their lateral veins exceedingly fine, rather close and considerably spreading, nowhere prominent, the circumferential vein very close to the edge of the leaf or almost contiguous with it ; umbels axillary and solitary or occasionally some arranged into terminal racemous short panicles ; flowerstalks rather short, not or slightly compressed or seldom sharply biangular, each with 3 to 9 flowers ; tube of the calyx almost semiovate, provided with a very short or no stalklet, not or sometimes faintly angular; lid quite semiovate or occasionally upwards narrow-conically attenuated, from nearly twice as long as the calyx-tube to hardly equalling the latter in length ; stamens all fertile ; laments suddenly and sharply infracted before expansion but not flecuous; anthers very minute, almost globular, opening towards the summit with lateral pores; style of bristly thinness ; stigma exceedingly minute ; fruits small, semiovate, mostly 3- or less frequently 4-celled, the rim broadish and flat or internally descending, the valves inserted not much beneath the orifice, quite enclosed or with their pointed summits slightly exserted ; seeds minute without any appendage. Tn the sandy or calcareous desert-country from the Murray-River and its lower tributaries to the west coast, there known to extend northward at least as far as the Murchison-River. This species constitutes a considerable portion of the “Mallee-Scrub,” chiefly along with E. oleosa and EH. gracilis. It always remains of shrubby growth, with several thin stems branched from near the base. The bark is smooth and greyish or may assume a reddish tint, gradually peeling off in fragments of layers, preventing it becoming rough and furrowed by age. Branches erect, never drooping. Leaves of firm consistence, of very light green, somewhat shining, occasionally broad-lanceolar, sometimes lanceolate-linear, generally terminated (as in many other Eucalypts) by a short narrow hooked apex, from which the specific name in this instance is derived. Their oil-dots not translucent or only exceptionally so. The leafstalks sometimes almost absent. Bentham noted opposite leaves in young plants; I find them in rare instances so even on fruitbearing branches, and I have also from Lake Muir specimens, seemingly of E. uncinata, in which the leaves become broader than long and perfectly connate into pairs, the leafy mass of each pair surrounding undivided the branches (as in the upper leaves of the British honeysuckle). Umbels in age lateral. Lid sometimes assuming ared hue. ‘The filaments, though thin-capillary, appear somewhat rigid through being not flexuous in bud, their straightness (except the single infraction) giving to the mass of stamens when viewed as a whole an almost silky lustre. Anthers with no glandular turgidity, occasionally somewhat truncated or approaching an obcordate form. Style extended beyond the stamens in bud. The valves of the fruit may occur sometimes more elongated and fine-pointed from the persistent basal remnants of the style. The sterile seeds are partly narrow, but all very short ; the fertile seeds are almost oval and rather plan-convex. E. uncinata is easily recognized by its very fine filaments not being flexuous, but remaining mostly bent inward about their middle at nearly right angles, even when already expanded ; in this respect E. corynocalyx and E, decurva approach it, as mentioned by Bentham, but the former differs in its finally tall stature, broader not dark-dotted leaves, longer stalklets of the flowers, proportionately short lid, elongated anthers opening by slits, thicker style, longer also streaked and at the orifice more contracted fruits with narrower rim and deeper enclosed valves ; indeed it EUCALYPTUS UNCINATA. belongs to the section Parallelantheree, not Micranthere. The differences of E. micranthera are less obvious, consisting in somewhat larger undotted leaves with the circumferential vein distant from the edge, lid shorter than the tube of the calyx, which latter is also proportionately broader, in thicker filaments, the openings of the anthers extending further downward, stout style and somewhat larger fruit ; the filaments are in a similar way very straight except the single curvature about their middle. E. decurva attains a greater height, has the leaves longer stalked, darker green and not conspicuously dotted, nor the circumferential vein so near to the margin of the leaf, but the closely reticular veinlets very visible, longer more slender and mostly decurved flower- stalks, the lid much shorter than the tube of the calyx, the filaments not so fine, anthers evidently longer than broad opening by longitudinal fissures, the fruits more contracted at the mouth and the valves deeper sunk. In regard to technical importance of IE. uncinata it may be mentioned, that the volatile Mallee-oil, usually ascribed to E. oleosa, is in all probability partly derived from E. uncinata. ExpLanation oF Anatytic Detarits.—1, an unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 3, some stamens in situ ; 4, 5 and 6, back-, front- and side-view of an anther with portion of its filament; 7, style with stigma; 8 and 9, transverse and longitudinal section of fruit; 10 and 11, sterile and fertile seeds ; 12, portion of a leaf; all magnified but to various extent. EUCALYPTOGRAPHIA. A DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS OF THE AND THE ADJOINING ISLANDS; BARON FERD. VON MUELLER, CMG, M. & PHD., ERS, GOVERNMENT BOTANIST FOR THE COLONY OF VICTORIA. “ Non SUCCIDES ARBORES, NEC SECURIBUS DEBES VASTARE EARUM REGIONEM.”—Liber Deuteronomii xx. 19, FIFTH DECADE. MELBOURNE: JOHN ES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. PUBLISHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITT: COLLINS STREE' LONDON: TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 69 LUDGATE HILL; AND GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE. M DCCC LXxx. Trd* gel CTreedel &O- 1 tt i Husaltyptus amysdalina. Lad/lardiere [nal Steam Litho Gov Printing re Mess EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA. ~~. Labillardiére, Nove Hollandie plantarum specimen ii. 14, t. 154 (1806) ; Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 219 ; Hooker, Botanical Magazine t. 3260 ; J. Hooker, flora Tasmanica, i. 35; F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 53 ; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 202; E. radiata, Sieber, in Candolle prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii, 218 ; Candolle, mémoire sur la famille des myrtacées, t. 7; J. Hooker, flora Tasmanica i. 137; E. elata, Dehnhardt, catalogus plantarum horti Camaldulensis p. 26 (1829) ; E. tenuiramis, Miquel, in Nederlandisk Kruidkundig Archief iv. 128; E. nitida, J. Hooker, flora Tasmanica, i. 137, t. xxix. The “ Giant-Eucalypt” or “Wangara.” Finally very tall; branchlets slender ; leaves on‘ rather short stalks, scattered or rarely opposite, narrow- or sickleshaped-lanceolar or very narrow, usually attenuated into an acute but oblique base, generally not of thick consistence, mostly of a saturated green and somewhat shining on both sides ; /ateral veins very thin, not much spreading, nor closely approximated, the circumferential vein remote from the edge of the leaf; ot-dots very . copious, transparent ; umbels with few or oftener several or many flowers, solitary, axillary, on slender almost cylindrical or slightly angular sometimes very short stalks ; calyces small, attenuated into a short thin stalklet, not angular ; tube obconical, upwards dilated, usually twice as long as the hemispheric blunt or short-pointed ld; stamens very short, all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; anthers very small, nearly hidneyshaped, opening with divergent slits ; stigma hardly broader than the style; ripe fruits small, semiovate or sometimes verging towards a truncate- globular form, 3- to 4- or rarely 5-celled, the rim finally flat and usually rather broad ; valves tender, convergent, deltvid, close to the orifice, slightly or not exserted ; fertile as well as sterile seeds quite small, all without appendage. From the southern and the whole eastern humid districts of the colony of Victoria extending to the base of the Alps, to the Blue Mountains and the litoral slopes of New South Wales, not far advancing on the western fall of the country, frequent in Tasmania, ascending to about 4,000 feet elevation. This Eucalyptus is one of the most remarkable and important of all plants in the whole creation! Viewed in its marvellous height when standing forth in its fullest development on the slopes or within glens of mountain-forests, it represents probably the ta/lest of all trees of the globe ; considered as a hardwood-tree of celerity in growth it ranks among the very foremost ; regarded in reference to its timber the tall variety can fairly be classed with the superior kinds of Eucalypts, and contemplated in respect to the yield of volatile oil from its copious foliage it is signal qualities of E. amygdalina having become gradually | known, nouch cash the exertions of the writer, this tree has found already a wide appreciation abroad, in countries neither subject. to severe frosts nor to intense moist heat. It assumes under different climatic and geologic conditions various forms ; thus in the irrigated ravines of cooler ranges the tree attains the most towering height, combined with a perfect straightness of stem, while the outer layers of its bark decorticate so completly as to render the huge stems quite smooth and almost white, the habit then being that of its only rival in loftiness among congeners, namely BH. diversicolor (the Karri of West Australia). This lofty state of the tree passes as one of the White Gum-trees (and even also as Monteith in the Dandenong-Ranges), while phytographically it has been distinguished as “reonans.” According to Mr. F. Abbott it is this form, which constitutes the “ Swamp Gum-_ tree” in Tasmania, where already Sir William Denison placed early its huge dimensions on record. In more open and in merely ridgy country E. amygdalina remains much lower in stature, even EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA. often a comparatively dwarf tree, with outside rough, inside tough somewhat fibrous bark, which remains more or less persistent on the stem and even lower branches ; under such conditions the species is called a “ Peppermint-tree”’ in Victoria and Tasmania and a ‘“ Messmate-tree”’ in some tracts of New South Wales. (Vide Woolls, Lectures on the Vegetable Kingdom, p. 121.) The bark, when it persists, is however much more solid than that of E. macrorrhyncha and E. obliqua, offering a transit of the Pachyphloie to Rhytiphloiz. On account of the toughness of the inner bark the natives of Gippsland have given to this tree the name of “ Wangara,” meaning literally translated “Bark strong ‘ (Howitt). The stems of young seedlings or of sprouts from stumps are thin, somewhat warty- or glandular-rough, not angular ; their leaves are opposite, sessile, narrow oblong- or oval-lanceolar, rounded or cordate at the base or even connate as in E. uncinata, paler beneath and sometimes covered with whitish bloom. The leaves of the aged tree from cold exposed localities are thicker (as is the case also with EH. Gunnii), and then the oil-glands are much obscured. Flowering and fruiting branches present only under exceptional circumstances opposite leaves. As many as 43 flowers have been counted by me in one umbel. Instances occur, in which the lid is acutely pointed. The fruit is occasionally shortened to an almost hemispheric form and its valves may occur increased even to six; the rim sometimes descends rather abruptly to the valves, rendering then the edge of the orifice narrow. The systematic name, given by Mons. Labillardiére to this tree, is not happily chosen, as it neither in habit nor in foliage nor in any other way bears resemblance to the Almond-tree. His work illustrates the narrow-leaved variety. To the synonyms are added by Bentham E. longifolia (Lindley, Botanical Register 947) and hence H. Lindleyana (Candolle, prodromus iii. 219), although the drawing affords no positive evidence of the species intended. Bentham refers here doubtfully also HE. ambigua (Candolle, prodromus i. 219), which however may be a West Australian species, the somewhat leathery leaves, the compressed flowerstalks and the almost globular fruit not really pointing to E. amygdalina; but H. linearis (Dehnhardt, Rivista Napoli- tana 1. 3, p. 173 anno 1839) seems merely to indicate a variety, remarkable for the extraordinary narrowness of its leaves, but neither flowers nor fruits occur in the authentic specimen, preserved in the collection of Baron Cesati, who kindly placed samples of Dehnhardt’s original plants at my disposal. Eucalyptus Risdoni (J. Hooker, in the London Journal of Botany vi. 477; flora Tasmanica 1. 138, t. 24 ; Bentham, flora Australiensis ii. 203) seems an aberrant form only of E. amygdalina, as pointed out by me already in 1860 ; and the same may be said of E. dives (Schauer, in Walpers repertorium botanices sytematice ii. 926; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 205) 3 but the local circumstances, under which these seemingly aberrative states arose; remain hitherto uninvestigated. E. Risdoni is as yet only known from Southern Tasmania; it is a small tree; the leaves of the upper branches are mostly, like those of the variety nitida (H. nitida, J. Hooker), thick and rigid, comparatively short and almost equilateral, while the leaves of the lower branches are, like those of seedlings and sprouts, opposite, sessile, broad, often connate and as well as the branchlets and umbels chalky-whitish, moreover the fruits are generally larger ; but these characteristics are of degree only and none positively specific ; it would seem also as if analogous cases were presented by E. Stuartiana and E. crebra, inasmuch as H. cinerea and E. melanophloia appear to hold the same position to H. Stuartiana and E. crebra as E. Risdoni to EB. amygdalina. The distinctions of _E. dives are equally weak, being reduced to the suppression or extreme shortness of the leafstalks, and to opposite thick ovate- or broad-lanceolar leaves, but it is wanting altogether in the chalky 4 EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA. but also variable coloration of E. Risdoni ; it is now also known from the sources of the Loddon and Shoalhaven-River. The unreliability of the cortical characteristics of E. amygdalina render it sometimes difficult to distinguish this species from E. Sieberiana, especially in the absence of flowers ; but that portion of the bark, which long persists, is not deeply furrowed, the wood is more fissile, the leaves are more copiously dotted, the flowerstalks are not strongly compressed, none of the stamens are sterile, and the fruit is less elongated. It differs from E, hamastoma in the veins of the leaves less spreading and less prominent, in thinner almost cylindric flowerstalks and all the filaments provided with anthers, also in comparatively shorter fruit. The thick-leaved varieties of E. amygdalina approach in many respects E. coccifera, but the lid of the calyx is not remarkably depressed even in the Risdonian variety, with which this shares the chalky bloom, the tube of the calyx of the genuine E. amygdalina is never so long and not angular, the flowerstalks are not so stout nor so flattened and the stalklets more slender. That form of E. amygdalina, which produces fruits more contracted at the orifice, bears so far much resemblance to E. piperita, but the bark is less persistent and less stringy, the veins of the leaves are not so spreading, the lid is never conical, the stalklets are generally longer and the fruits as a rule smaller. All the other species of the section Renanthere are more distinct. The number and distribution of the stomata are in this species subject to unusual variability, explainable by the age of the tree and the open or shady position of its growth. This tree has a preference for the silurian formation and particularly for metamorphic schist, as first traced by Mr. Howitt, at least in our uplands. E. amygdalina is one of the hardier of its congeners, and if EH. coccifera constitutes an alpine state of it, then it has in that remarkable form braved even unusually cold winters of Britain. For instance at Powderham-Castle, the seat of the Earl of Devon, it passed unscathed through an ordeal of + 9° of Fahrenheit’s scale while E. globulus was destroyed already at + 20° F. The above noted severe cold caused to E. coccifera no injury whatever, so that perhaps that tree will withstand a still somewhat lower temperature ; it produced in the subsequent summer thousands of sprays of blossoms. Its height at Powderham-Castle was 58 feet, the stem measuring at 34 feet from the ground 74 feet in circumference ; it grows there on sandy loam of rising ground. (Powell, in the Gardener’s Chronicle 1879, p. 113, with xylographic illustration.) It is the intention to give on a future occasion a schedule of exact measurements, clinome- trically obtained, of the tallest individual trees anywhere to be found ; but it may for the present suffice to observe, that approximate heights for this tree of 400 feet have been obtained by the writer at the Black Spur and elsewhere on the Upper Yarra and Upper Goulburn-River. Mr. D. Boyle first of all ascertained the length of a fallen tree of this species, found by him in the Dandenong-Ranges, at 420 feet ; the length of the stem up to the first branch being 295 feet, the diameter of the stem at the commencement of the ramification proved 4 feet, 70 feet higher up the diameter was still 3 feet, the top-portion was wanting. A still thicker tree there measured at 3 feet from the ground 53 feet in circumference. Mr. Boyle found another tree with a stem 25 feet. in diameter at the base, yet the bark quite thin. Mr. Howitt obtained in Gippsland also measure- ments up to 410 10 feet. The Rev. Th. Ewing (as stated in Henfrey’s Botanic Gazette) measured a prostrate tree on a rill of the North-West Bay River at the rear of Mount Wellington already thirty years ago and recorded the height up to the first branch 220 feet, from thence to where the top was broken off 64 feet more ; the basal diameter proved to be 30 feet, the stem-diameter at 220 feet was still 12 feet ! and to that distance it would turn out already more timber than three ea EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA. of the largest oaks taken together with their branches. A standing tree at the same place measured 3 feet from the ground 102 feet in circumference, but close to the ground even 130 feet! The rev. gentleman observed within a square mile at least 100 trees, none less than 40 feet in circumference at the base (Dr. Masters). Mr. G. Robinson noticed in the back-ranges of Berwick the circumference of a stem to be even 81 feet at a distance of 4 feet from the ground. (See Ellwood Cooper’s edition of some of my lectures and essays, p. 161). The same gentleman, whose professional judgment as a surveyor would give every guarantee for accuracy, obtained at the foot of Mount Baw Baw the measurement of an exceptionally large tree, which was 471 feet high. From the Cape Otway -Ranges ¢ a tree is also on record by Mr. Walter, with a height of 415 feet and a basal diameter of 15 feet, although the loftiest trees have not always the most colossal stems. But though this Eucalypt of ours will probably maintain the actual supremacy in height among trees of the globe, it must cede the palm of superiority perhaps to the Wellingtonia-Sequoia and the only other congener of the Mammoth-tree of California in respect to height combined with massive ramification and a crown of foliage dense to the summit in Sequoias—because the final extraordinary height of E. amygdalina is often attained only by a solitary straggling branch, pushing singly towards the sky. It is a grand picture to see a mass of enormously tall trees of this kind with stems of mast-like straightness and clear whiteness so close together in the forest as to allow them space only towards their summit to send their scanty branches and sparse foliage to the free light. The timber is useful for many kinds of carpenters’ work ; in drying it does not twist ; when straight stems are produced in forest-valleys the wood splits better into palings than even that of our Stringybark-tree, and this with such facility, that in some particular instance a laborer has split 620 palings of 5 feet length in one day ; the timber is comparatively not heavy, as it floats in water, unlike that of many other Hucalypts; it 1s particularly well adapted for shingles, palings and rails and also drawn into use for shipbuilding, especially kelsons and planking (see F. v. M., Select Plants, Indian edition p. 107), but 1t has not been found very lasting underground and does not afford a superior fuel ; indeed the stems, when fallen, perish more quickly than those of many other Eucalypts, and thus the records of individual trees of marvellous height, when measured lying on the ground, are often early lost. The utmost praise is due to Joseph Bosisto, Esq., M.L.A., J.P., for his lengthened and extensive researches on the oil of this and other congeners, to the technical production, local utilisation and mercantile export of which he has given large dimensions by his enterprise and perseverance, it having fallen to the writer’s share to draw in first instance attention to the enormous yield of oil from the foliage of E. amygdalina. Mr. Bosisto sums up his experience with the Eucalyptus-oils, as regards the percentage of the yield of the various species, on which he experimented, in the followinu schedule :— From 1,000 Ibs. of fresh leaves with their stalklets and branchlets— Eucalyptus viminalis yields... ae 7 ounces Eucalyptus goniocalyx yields... +. 150 ounces melliodora yields ve ie Ts Leucoxylon yields eis 160 ——=, rostrata yields wise ob 15 55 oleosa (mixed with other species obliqua yields dat th S80 ow of the Mallee-scrub) yields ... 200 globulus yields ies aaa» “SUBORS 25 amygdalina yields as > 600 But this average-yield, thus demonstrated by Mr. Bosisto to rise to more than 3 per cent. in E. amygdalina, fluctuates during the various seasons, it being during the cool months of the year EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA. appreciably less than during the summer. The distilled oil from the foliage of E. amygdalina is pale-yellow, thin, of rather pungent Cajuput-like odor, of cooling afterwards bitter taste, of 0:881 specific gravity, boils at from 329 to 370° F., deposits stearopten at low temperatures. Mr. J. W. Osborne, who at the instance of the author subjected various Eucalyptus-oils to extensive tests for the second London Exhibition, found the diminishing degree of solubility of the following substances to be in the subsequent order: Camphor, Pine-resins, Mastic, Sandarac, Elemi, Kauri, Asphalt, Xanthorrheea-resin, Benzoe, Copal, Amber, Anime, Shellac, Caoutchouc, Beeswax. (See Jurors’ Report of the Exhibition of 1863.) Eucalyptus-oil dissolves also Gutta-Percha readily, and can be used in lamps like Petroleum, with this important advantage, that it has greater illuminating power, has a rather pleasant odor and is not liable to cause explosions, though it remains a much more costly article. Hucalyptus-leaves found however during the earlier period of our colony for years use in one of our towns for the production of light-gas. Mr. Bosisto obtained 10 per cent. of pearlash from the ashes of the foliage of E. amygdalina. Eucalyptol, first obtained by Cloéz in Paris, through repeated fractional distillation, presents according to him the chemical formula C% H0 0; it is a very mobile colorless liquid, boiling at 347° F., of 0-905 specific gravity. It rotates polarized light to the right, remains liquid at low temperatures, is little soluble in water, completely in alcohol, the solution being of somewhat rosy odor when much diluted; Eucalyptol forms when distilled with anhydrous phosphoric acid Eucalypten = C* H'8, a liquid boiling at 329° F. and of 0°836 specific gravity. (Compt. Rend. lxx. 678.) But Eucalyptol, according to Drs. Homeyer and A. Faust, is composed of a terpene and cymene (both hydrocarbons) and eucalyptol ; the proportions of these in various Eucalyptus- oils is not the same. The capacity of the stills in Mr. Bosisto’s factory in Western Gippsland amounts at present approximately to 2,000 gallons, the produce of oil being about 12,000 Ibs. annually now ; as much as 6 tons of leaves are operated on daily. These extensive operations have reduced the product to a remarkable cheapness, so much so that the wholesale-price in Victoria has sunk to 2s. 6d. per lb., while in the English market it is only 3s. Eucalyptus-oil, irrespective of its great therapeutic value, is much used for additions to perfumery (dilution of the oils of roses, orange- flowers &c.) and for select varnishes and various other technic applications. Several other species yield volatile oil also very copiously, for instance E. salubris, E. salmonophloia, E. longi- cornis, E. microcorys (see F. v. M., Report on the Forest-Resources of Western Australia, pp, 12-15, pl. xii, xii, xiv.), but most of them being smaller trees, would not afford an equal bulk of foliage. When the stems of the dwarf variety are cut, new shoots spring from the root, thus a fresh crop of foliage is furnished in a few years. Sir William Denison, G.C.M.G., Sir Robert Officer and Dr. Motherwell instituted in Tasmania about thirty years ago some experiments for the distillation of Eucalyptus-oil; but these observations were not followed up there by any practical applications in factories; but in that island pyrolignous acid was produced from Eucalyptus wood on a large scale for some years, but this operation was discontinued, perhaps because the other products of dry distillation such as tar, pitch and wood-alcohol could not be sufficiently utilized at the time. The hygienic properties of Eucalypts, largely dependent on the volatile oil of their foliage, have been discussed in many essays, one on this subject by our fellow-colonist Mr. Bosisto being among the foremost. (See Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, August 1874). EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA. Mons. P. Ramel, Mons. A. Thozet, the writer and many others have early drawn public attention to the importance of these trees for subduing malaria, after incidentally the febrifugal properties of the Eucalypts had been discovered first by Spanish physicians in 1866 and been confirmed soon subsequently by medical men in France and Italy, to whom the opportunities for hygienic researches of this kind much more readily arose than to us here, in ‘places where periodically or even continuously malarian fevers were raging, and where these, so soon as Eucalyptus-vegetation copiously arose (and this often through the instrumentality of the writer) the disease was suddenly or gradually checked, mostly even without recurrence. The powerful disinfecting action of the oily volatile emanations of the Eucalypts are mainly due to the evolution of Ozone and double oxyd of Hydrogen, as shown by experiments of Dr. Andrews and Dr. G. Day. But irrespective of this the power of also this Eucalypt to absorb moisture from the ground is enormous and of vast hygienic significance, and stands in proportion to the intensity of the aqueous exhalation, in which latter respect many Eucalypts vastly surpass Elms, Oaks, Poplars and many other trees. (See my lecture on “ Forest-culture in relation to Industrial Pursuits” &c., Ellwood Cooper’s edition p. 99.) The gradually dropping foliage, unlike that of most other trees, acts also deodorizing on the soil. Sir Will. Macarthur alluded likewise early to the healthiness of Eucalyptus-regions. Again quite recently Prince Pierre Troubetzkoy once more insisted, as was done by us here many years ago, that to E. amygdalina preference should be given over any other congener for plantations in any paludal fever-regions, wherever climatic circumstances would allow it to prosper, although this species grows not with quite the rapidity of E. globulus, nor accommodates itself with the same facility to a great diversity of soils. At Lago Maggiore, where Prince Troubetzkoy instituted his observations, E. amygdalina grew 60 feet in nine years, and endured a temperature sinking occasionally as low as 18° F., proving hardier than E. globulus and E. rostrata. See Bulletin de la Société d’Acclimatation, Paris, 1879, pp. 338-342, in which important journal the culture of Eucalyptus has been strenuously advocated by M. Ramel and numerous other writers ever since 1858. See also Count Luigi Torelli’s Memoir “1’Eucalyptus e Roma” 1879, pp. 48-49. Dr. Josef Moeller of Vienna describes the wood of E. amygdalina anatomically in nearly the following words (translated) :—The vascular tubes are always isolated and irregularly scattered in scanty number; their lumen exceeds rarely 0:06 mm. ; their walls are but slightly thickened and are seriated-dotted ; parenchyma is only scantily developed; the woody fibres are also dotted, at an average 0:012 mm. broad, of which two-thirds pertain to the lumen ; their contours are uneven ; the medullary rays consist of one or two rows of cells, not rarely cubical and rather broad about 0-024 mm. The form of the expanded cotyledonar leaves is characteristic to some extent for various Eucalypts; in E. amygdalina they are ovate-kidneyshaped and tapering into short stalklets, whereas some other species, for instance E. cornuta, have them deeply cleft into two narrow divergent lobes. ExpianaTion oF AnaLytic Detaits.—l, unexpanded flower, the lid partly lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3, some stamens in situ; 4-5, back- and front-view of a stamen with part of its filament ; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, transverse and longitudinal section of fruits; 9 and 10, fertile and sterile seeds ; 11, portion of a leaf; 12, vascular, prosenchymatous and parenchymatous elements of wood ; all magnified to various extent, fig. 12 as much as 220 times diametrically. EL ae Eee agate’ og air aya ae asia ee eee Paes EN vee » os Nene ce. Meir itho Gov. Printing Off ear Li st 0 VM direxit. kucalyptus Corymbosa, J77 E Lf. / Fi EUCALYPTUS CORYMBOSA. Smith, a specimen of the Botany of New Holland 43 (1793); Transactions of the Linnean Society iii. 287 ; Cavanilles, ‘icones et descriptiones plantarum t. 340; De Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 220; F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 46; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 256; Metrosideros gummifera, Solander, in Gertner de fructibus et seminibus i. 170, tab. 34, fig. 1. The ordinary Bloodwood-tree. Finally tall ; /eaves scattered, of firm consistence, ovate- or elongate-lanceolar, slightly curved or somewhat sickleshaped, paler beneath, the lateral veins very numerous, subtle, almost transversely spreading, the circumferential vein nearly contiguous to the edge ; the oil-dots generally concealed or obliterated ; wmbels paniculated, mostly terminal, rarely solitary and axillary, on slender slightly compressed or angular stalks, bearing from 3 to 9 rather large flowers ; stalklets from somewhat shorter to considerably longer than the calyx, angular, rather slender ; lid depressed- hemispherical, short-pointed, tearing off along a rather irregular transverse line, exceeded in width and much in length by the obconic-bellshaped tube of the calyx ; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; filaments yellowish-white ; anthers oblong-oval, blunt, opening by longitudinal parallel slits; ovary flat-topped; stigma hardly broader than the summit of the style ; fruit large, oval-urnshaped, not angular, 3- or oftener 4-celled ; rim narrow; valves deeply enclosed, deltoid ; fertile seeds large, provided with a narrow or short appendicular membrane, sterile seeds much smaller. From the vicinity of the Genoa-River to near Rockingham-Bay on dry ridges and hills or in open forest-ground, ascending to considerable mountain-elevations in New England. A tree, attaining a maximum-height of 150 feet, but often of much lower and sometimes stunted growth, fruiting already when hardly advanced beyond its early shrubby state. Bark persistent, outside rough, wrinkled, grey and turning somewhat black, inside yellowish- or reddish- brown ; that of the upper branches smooth and often reddish ; but in New England it seems to be noticed, that the bark also becomes smooth and whitish from shelving off in flakes. Branchlets not very angular. Panicles more or less ample, of pleasant scent. Calyces generally dark- colored ; the rim of their tube soon after flowering somewhat revolute. Lid not dehiscent along a sharply defined suture, often continuing to adhere to the rim unilaterally for some time. Filaments not so fine-capillary as in many other species. Anthers dorsifixed. Fruits not gene- rally polished-smooth, but of a dull color outside ; the valves sometimes remaining coherent and then seceding as a circular disk. Seeds rather few in each cell. The wood is easily enough worked when fresh, but becomes very hard when dry ; it is long- lasting underground and according to Mr. 8. Johnson it is as resistent to the Termites as the wood of several Ironbark-trees, but it is intersected by concentric fissures, filled with fluid or indurated Kino-secretions, whence the popular name of this tree is derived; but for the same reason the timber is not available for sawing purposes, and it does not turn out a good fuel, as it is difficult to burn. The Kino-sap indurates soon on its own accord, as in all congeners, and is gathered for therapeutic or industrial purposes as exuded spontaneously from the stem and bark, in its dry state without any preparation, liquid Kino becoming merely exceptionally mercantile and then also only as a crude product. This seems not generally known abroad, nor the fact, that the mere general name “ Gum-tree” for Eucalypts does not indicate even the least supply of Kino for commercial purposes. (See Wiesner, die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches p. 188.) The species, as far as here noticed, is restricted to the ordinary state, in which it appears through the more litoral regions of New South Wales and Southern Queensland. But the greatest EUCALYPTUS CORYMBOSA. embarrassment has arisen in specifying the limits, by which E. terminalis (E. pyrophora, Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 257) may constantly be separated; thus Bentham already was inclined to consider both as forms only of E. corymbosa, a view which the accumulation of much additional material has almost confirmed. In the wide tracts of intratropical Australia E. terminalis with its varieties occurs even far inland, thus at the Barcoo (Dr. Wuth) and at Lady Charlotte’s Water (E. Giles) in such hot and arid regions, as are climatically vastly different from the cool forest- ravines of the south-east coast ; hence gradually the leaves become paler, nearly or fully as much on the upper surface as beneath, their position gets more vertical and therewith stomata occur also on the upper page, the panicles also assume often a paler hue, the flowers and fruits generally are smaller, the latter become less woody and somewhat more slender, and often lose the outward curvature towards the rim ; but the fertile seeds of H. terminalis are as a rule provided with a terminal membranous appendage of about the length of the kernel, a characteristic hardly ever occurring in the typical E. corymbosa. An extraordinary variability is also evinced by E. termi- nalis as regards not only the size of its calyx, but also the manner of its dehiscence, a regular sutural line being sometimes not traceable, necessitating an irregular defraction of the opercular summit; the lid moreover verges sometimes to a flattened form with an almost obliterated apex, or the lid may be quite turgid and its apex very prominent. E. dichromophloia has the fruits considerably smaller, about the size of those of E. trachy- phloia and E. latifolia, besides the bark seems always different, as the specific name implies, from that of E. corymbosa and H. terminalis, its upper thin smooth and pale stratum separating from the brownish-red thick layers below. E. latifolia has very broad even roundish leaves, and belongs on account of its smooth bark to the section Leiophloia, unless this be subject to exceptions. E. Abergiana can be separated from H. calophylla and EH. terminalis by the want of stalklets of its calyces and from the latter besides by the broader and above dark-green leaves. EH. calophylla may be said to replace E. corymbosa in West-Australia, though E. terminalis advances to Nichol- Bay on the west-coast and perhaps still further southward. E. calophylla is however specifically different in several important respects. (See F. v. M., report on the Forest-resources of Western Australia p. 4, pl. 2.) The young seedlings of all allied species require yet further comparison. E. urnigera, which bears in its fruit considerable resemblance to E. corymbosa, differs essentially in having the leaves dark-green and somewhat shining on both sides, the latter moreover are provided with less spreading rather irregular and more distant lateral veins, a removed marginal vein and isogenous stomata, many of the flowerstalks are axillary and bear mostly 3 or occasionally only 2 flowers, the tube of the calyx is more cylindrical turgid below the middle and strongly constricted towards the rim, the lid is ampler than the orifice and seceding by a clear circumcision, the fruit is generally smaller, with more spreading rim, and the seeds are devoid of any appendage. It is moreover never a large tree and restricted to the subalpine zone of Southern Tasmania. The Very Rev. Canon King noticed Melitose-Manna to a small extent on the leaves of E. corymbosa, when pierced by a phyllophagous Beetle (Anoplognathus cereus). Expranation or Anatytic Dzrarts.—l, upper part of an unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther with portion of its filament; 5, style and stigma; 6, stamens in situ; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of a fruit; 9 and 10, sterile and fertile seeds, one of the latter cut transversely ; 11, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but to various extent. TE EE ee a, Ey # RRs 4 Steam Litho Gov. Printing Offrse Melb F.v.M. dcrexit. nucalyotus ecrebra. (VM RaAusten del. (.Troedef & C® Lith EUCALYPTUS CREBRA. F. v. M., in the Journal of the Linnean Society iii. 87 (1858); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 221. Finally tall ; leaves scattered, on rather short stalks, elongate- or falcate-lanceolar, sometimes very narrow, of somewhat thin consistence, of equal and dull green on both sides; /ateral veins subtle, rather numerous, almost parallel and moderately spreading, the circumferential vein very near to the edge; oil-dots much concealed ; wmbels paniculated or some axillary and solitary, on slender stalks, with usually from 3 to 7 small flowers on rather short and thin stalklets ; tube of the calyx nearly semiovate, about twice as long as the pyramidal- or hemispheric-conical lid or sometimes not much longer ; stamens all fertile, inflexed in bud ; anthers very minute, roundish, opening by ample longitudinal slits ; stigma broader than the short style ; fruits very small, semi- ovate, 4- less often 3-celled, their rim rather narrow, the valves deltoid, affixed close below the summit, quite enclosed or provided with slightly exserted points; seeds all without any appendage, the sterile considerably smaller than the fertile seeds and mostly broadish. From near the southern shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria (F. v. M.) through the more litoral and hilly tracts of Eastern Australia to New England and further southward to the vicinity of Port Jackson and the Blue Mountains, westward to Darling-Downs (W. Hill), chiefly on scrubby ridges and ranges. A tree, attaining a height of about 100 feet, with a stem-diameter of 3 feet, content with poor soil, known as red or narrow-leaved Ironbark-tree through the wide tracts of its occurrence. Bark dark, persistent on stem and branches, almost blackish, ridged and deeply furrowed, solid; but in exceptional geologic situations or perhaps under unusual climatic circumstances the bark occurs also smooth and whitish from decortication in laminar outer strips ; still it is far less variable in this respect than E. Leucoxylon ; however Mr. Walter Hill sends branchlets of a “ Grey Gum- tree” with a note of its being smooth-barked throughout, which cannot be distinguished otherwise from E.crebra. Trunk branching far down or in other cases only ramified towards the summit of the tree. Timber reddish, regarded of superior value, all kinds of Ironbark-trees furnishing tough, elastic, hard and durable wood, locally much in use for fence-posts, railway-crossties, bridge- material, piles, for waggon-building and numerous other technic purposes. Major-General Sir E. Ward, K.C.M.G., found the specific gravity of this wood to be 1:19, and that a piece of 4 feet length and of 2 inches square breadth, when supported on its ends, would bear a weight of 1,792 lbs. before breaking. Mr. F. Byerley found the transverse strain to be able to sustain 710 Ibs. when applied to the middle of a quartering of 1 inch thickness and of 1 foot length ; thus the wood would not be as strong as that of H. siderophloia and HE. maculata. E. crebra is often gregarious, even so much so in some localities as to constitute the main- bulk of the forests, as is the case in Victoria, Tasmania and South-Australia chiefly with E. obliqua and in West Australia with E. marginata and H. calophylla. The copious occurrence of this tree through a large extent of Hast-Australia suggested the specific name. Branchlets very slender and drooping. Oul-pores, particularly in young leaves, occasionally very pellucid. Filaments almost white, their lower portion very flexuous in bud. Fruit slightly attenuated at the base or gradually. The flowering time of this tree is known to fluctuate from March till October according to the geographic latitude of its range and to peculiarities of the climatic regions and seasons. Fruitbearing twigs of an Ironbark-tree with lemon-scented foliage were obtained by Mr. Bailey on the Palmer-River ; these seem referable to E. crebra also, although the leaves are shorter and blunter and the peripheric vein is slightly removed from the EUCALYPTUS CREBRA. edge ; the fragrance of this supposed variety, which might be called citrata, is so exquisite, that the leaves can be used as a culinary condiment. E. crebra might be mistaken for E. largiflorens, not easily in nature, but readily when dried sprigs with imperfect flowers or fruits are to be named; the latter species recedes by its paler, less furrowed bark, the leaves more conspicuously and darker dotted, the lateral veins less copious, the circumferential vein much more removed from the edge, the anther-cells opening through a pore-like aperture and the lid perhaps generally shorter and blunter. In rare instances some of the leaves may widen to a broadish form and become opposite, whereby a transit is established to E. melanophloia (the Silverleaved Jronbark-tree), unless indeed the latter is assumed to be the opposite- and sessile-leaved state of E. crebra, analogous to the position held by E. amygdalina and E. Stuartiana to HE. Risdoni and E. cinerea. HE. melanophloia again is very closely related to E. pruinosa, though differing already in blackish bark ; from E. crebra it is generally differing irrespective of its foliage in longer lid, in fruits somewhat larger and contracted at the orifice and always in the opposite stalks of the umbels in the panicles. It is traced to New England and the Upper Barcoo. E. drepanophylla, which was advanced with much hesitation as a species (flora Australiensis ili, 221), seems mainly to differ in more stunted habit, larger and stiffer leaves of a paler hue, larger flowers and fruits and perhaps different bark. This species or variety, for the elucidation of which further field-studies are needed, extends northward to the Palmer-River (Th. Gulliver), Cape Sidmouth (C. Moore) and Trinity Bay (Walter Hill) and on the authority of Bentham even to the north-west coast of Australia (Cunningham). E. leptophleba has the bark more greyish, less furrowed and rather wrinkled, breaking up into numerous small angular pieces in the manner of E. tesselaris ; hence it belongs to the Rhy- tiphloiz not Schizophloie ; its flowers remained unknown, but its lid is double in an early state of growth. To E. leptophleba seems also to belong a tree, observed by Mr. P. O’Shanesy on the Comet-River, which sheds the outer layers of its bark from the branches and upper part of the stem ; the persistent portion of the bark resembles that of E. tesselaris, but the leaves are more prominently veined and the fruit is often 5-valved and occasionally even 6-valved. HE. angustifolia (Woolls, Lectures on the Vegetable Kingdom with special reference to Australia, p. 123) is a form of E. crebra. It seems not likely, that E. paniculata will ever be taken for E. crebra, as the leaves of the latter are never much unlike in the color of their two pages, as all the stamens are fertile, the anthers opening in their whole length and the fruits usually smaller and less angular. Bentham quotes Metrosideros salicifolia (Solander, in Geertner de fructibus et seminibus 1. 171, t. xxxiv. 6.) as belonging to this species ; the rather slender fruit as illustrated renders the identification disputable. Geertner described the embryo well. The figure @ remains still more obscure ; it may belong to E. crebra, E. hemastoma or E. amygdalina. Exrtanation or Anatytic Deraits.—l, unexpanded flowers of different forms, the lid of one lifted ; 2, longi- tudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther with the upper portion of its filament; 5, style and stigma; 6, various fruits; 7 and 8, longitudinal and transverse section of a fruit; 9, seeds; 10, embryo ; all more or less magnified. one. MESES santero on Cine nie IR ee fico cha & KL. ee ae rp C.Troedel &C* Baron von Mueller direxit aucalyptus diversicolor /yM/ ath RB Austesdett -° EUCALYPTUS DIVERSICOLOR. F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australis iii, 131 (1863); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 251; F. v. M., Report on the Forest-resources of Western Australia, p. 6, t. 4. The “ Karri.” Finally extremely tall ; /eaves scattered, broad- or elongated-lanceolar, not very inequilateral, slightly curved, evidently paler beneath; veins very numerous, subtle, pennately spreading, the circumferential vein somewhat removed from the edge ; oil-dots irreeular and much concealed ; umbels axillary and soon lateral, solitary, their stalks rather lone and slender, slightly or not angular, with 3 to 9 flowers: calyces not shining, their tube gradually attenuated into a generally shorter stalklet, somewhat longer or nearly twice as long as the almost hemispheric or semiovate lid, not or slightly angular ; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; anthers almost heart- shaped, bursting with longitudinal slits, enlarged by a conspicuous dorsal-terminal gland; style shorter than the stamens ; stigma not dilated ; fruits truncate-ovate, 3- or rarely 4-celled ; rim flat, but rather narrow ; valves enclosed, cohering before maturation into a pyramidal cone; seeds without appendage. In the moist hilly or mountainous country at and near the Frankland- and Walpole-Rivers, the Shannon, Warren- and Dunolly-Rivers, more particularly towards the coast, extending about thirty miles or less inland, reaching the country near the entrance of the Blackwood-River (J. Forrest), constituting the Karri-forests, occurring sparingly also at the Porongerup and Torbay (F. v. M.) and around Mount Manypeak (Maxwell). One of the grandest trees of the globe and one of the greatest wonders in the whole creation of plants! Astounding records of the height of this giant-tree have been given. Messrs. Muir saw trees with stems about 300 feet long up to the first branch, and I myself noticed many trees, which approached to 400 feet in their total height. When closely growing, the young trees may have a comparatively slender trunk, so much so, that a tree 180 feet high may show a stem hardly over a foot in diameter; in such a case the foliage, for want of space, is also only scantily developed, and the ramifications are but short in proportion to the tallness of the stems. In the mast-like straightness of the trunk and the smooth whiteness of its bark this superb tree imitates completely the variety regnans of E. amygdalina of South-East Australia, with which also, and perhaps solely, it enters into rivalry as the tallest tree of the globe! Hyven the loftiest trees may not yet have been found out in the secluded humid forest-valleys, in which E. diversicolor like E. amygdalina rejoices most and luxuriates to the greatest extent. But possibly in the 200 miles of uninterrupted length of Sequoia-forests, a few years ago rendered known to exist in Southern California, Mammoth-trees of either Sequoia Wellingtonia or 8. sempervirens may occur, which possibly excel in stupendous height even the famous individual trees of the Calaveras-Grove. But whatever species of tree in the championship of the world may gain the final victory for height, no Eucalyptus can compare in the massiveness of its trunk with the Wellingtonia Sequoia, of which one on the Tule-River showed a basal trunk-diameter of 35 feet, while at a height of 240 feet the stem-diameter was still 12 feet with two succeeding limbs respectively 10 and 9 feet across. Still on the authority of Captain Walcott also Karri-stems have been observed with a basal diameter of 20 feet. Into this final competition for height may perhaps also enter some of the true Pines of North-West America (Pinus Douglasii, P. Lambertiana, P. Menziesii, P. grandis) and even the North-East American Pinus Strobus, though its most majestic specimen-trees were long ago swept ruthlessly away from the face of the globe, a fate not unlikely to be shared by its EUCALYPTUS DIVERSICOLOR. compeers elsewhere. Widths of timber of as much as 12 feet can be obtained from E. diversicolor. The wood is light-colored, bends freely, is of straight grain and tough, but not so easily wrought as that of E. marginata ; it is particularly in request for large planks and sought also for shafts, spokes, felloes and rails ; it has also come into use for shipbuilding—for planks, rudders and even masts. According to a note in the West-Australian Catalogue of the Paris Exhibition of 1878 a baulk, which at Cape Leeuwin had been exposed to the wash of the tides since twenty-six years, continued still sound. The durability of the timber, when for lengthened periods under- ground, has as yet not been proved. Mr. Th. Laslett (Timber and Timber-Trees, p. 198) states the results of his experiments on the strength of Karri-wood to be as follows. The pieces experimented on for deflection measured 7 feet in length by 2 inches square, six different trials being made :— DEFLECTION. acces Under a Pressure of After the Weight was At the moment of Total Weight required 390 lbs. removed. breaking. to break each piece. | Inches. Inches. Inches. lbs. Maximum see doe 1°35 0°10 7°50 955 Minimum Gh ai se | 0°75 0:0 4°60 725 Mean OSs | 1°01 0°4 6°06 8623 English Oak of the same dimensions supported a weight of 8063 lbs. (average of twelve trials). Mr. Laslett’s experiments on the tensile strength of Karri-timber gave the following results, the pieces being 30 inches long by 2 inches square : Maximum weight borne, 31,360 lbs. ; minimum, 22,120 Ibs. ; average of six experiments, 28,280 lbs. Cubes of 6 inches bore a crushing strain of from 175 to 195 tons, average 185 tons, or per square inch 5:14 tons. The specific gravity of the wood was found to be from 0-885 to 1-028, average 0°981. The first records given by collectors of the bark and other characteristics of this species did not lead to the identification of the huge trees of the Karri-dales ; this circumstance and some disparities of characteristics led to the belief, that the gigantic Karri was specifically different, and hence it became temporarily distinguished as E. colossea, under which very impressive designation it chiefly still passes in the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, where this noble Eucalypt, with numerous other species, was first introduced by the writer. The specific name, which by priority has claim on permanency, was derived from the color of the leaves, different on both sides. The growth of the tree is comparatively quick ; in poor sandy soil near Melbourne about 23 feet in nine years. The leaves of very young trees assume a broader more oval form, as is the case with many other congeners ; in small seedlings the leaves are already conspicuously stalked. Young branchlets compressed-quadrangular. Bruised foliage of Cajuput-odor. Leaves more or less shining above. Unexpanded calyx clubshaped-ellipsoid. Lid rarely broad-conical. Filaments whitish. Anthers dorsifixed. Fruits attaining a length of fully half an inch, moderately contracted towards the orifice. Valves sometimes much narrowed upwards. Fertile seeds dull- black, almost ovate, plan-convex ; sterile seeds much more numerous, considerably smaller, light- brown, irregular in form, many very narrow. EUCALYPTUS DIVERSICOLOR. Drummond’s collections contain this species under Nos. 39 and 59. E. diversicolor among West Australian species bears some similarity to E. marginata, but the leaves are still paler beneath, the lid is almost constantly shorter, particularly so in proportion to the tube of the calyx, the anthers are not broader than long and their glandular protuberance is much larger, the fruit is longer in comparison to its width, the valves are also longer and the seeds very much smaller ; besides bark and wood are totally different. The Karri-tree cannot in nature be confused with E. patens, the Blackbutt-tree of West- Australia, on account of the greatly persistent and rough bark of the latter, which has besides more curved leaves of almost equal coloration on both sides, the anther-gland very faint, the fruit- rim narrower, the valvular portion of the fruit at first flat and consisting usually of four rarely five pieces, the seeds larger. What as E. goniantha is mentioned by Bentham from the Frankland-River belongs to E. diversicolor. The diametric measurement of the woody fibre, and the proportionate number of the me- dullary rays and vascular tubes, as contrasted with their copiousness in some other kinds of Eucalyptus-woods, is set forth in the following columns, whereby some idea of the relative density of the timber and the closeness of the woody texture may be obtained. MEASUREMENT OF TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF THE CELLS OF Woopy Fipre (PROSENCHYMA). 1. Largest Diameter of Cell. 2. Thickness of Cellwall. Eucalyptus marginata (hard) ... Bea 00082 inch Eucalyptus marginata (hard) ... aes 00019 inch marginata (light, dense) ... wee 00082 ,, marginata (light, dense) ... ane 00024 ,, marginata (ordinary, soft) wee 00082 _,, marginata (ordinary, soft) ies 00030 _,, diversicolor ia or sae 00129 ,, diversicolor ia a. a 00038 ,, longicornis ry as ve 00070 ,, longicornis aes we tes “00029 _,, calophylla es oe vee ‘00101 ,, calophylla sve aes toe 00033, loxophleba — eu ae 00063 ,, loxophleba — ves one 00023 _—Cy, salubris < es eee 00055, salubris oo see as 00023, cornuta toe vee oe 00082 ,, cornuta eee alee oe “00037 ,, rostrata on se eee "00082 ,, rostrata oe oe ae 00020 _,, globulus en _ ie 00082 ,, globulus ee aes _— 00020 ,, Stuartiana wich eae as 00082 ,, Stuartiana aoa wae vee 00015_,, Baileyana es se «=» 700105, Baileyana ai see oe 00025, Doratoxylon (young) ... nee 00072 ~,, Doratoxylon (young)... ues 00022 ,, Nomeper of Medullary Rays within the space of 1 inch in— Eucalyptus marginata (dark hard variety)... 390 Eucalyptus loxophleba_ ... wee sos 330 marginata (light dense variety) sais 260 salubris ... wes aes ses 470 marginata (soft variety) ... see 330 cornuta ... nee ee es 670 diversicolor ees aga es 176 rostrata ... wee aa ais 390 longicornis Sis eae Ses 290 globulus ... ica aac on 310 calophylla ar ae 180 Stuartiana sae vex or 180 Baileyana jan sie ee S15 Doratoxylon (young) ay aoe 330 Noumser of Vascular Tubes within 1 square inch in the Wood of— Eucalyptus marginata (dark hard variety) 8,500 Eucalyptus loxophleba... wee +e 25,000 marginata (light dense variety) ... 2,700 salubris wee oes + 42,000 marginata (soft variety) ... wae 5,100 cornuta ase wee +. 10,000 diversicolor ‘iss _ ahi 4,900 rostrata = aes ae 5,700 longicornis ees pis ate 9,300 globulus ied he vex 3,600 ealophylla vee ave ace 3,300 Stuartiana ae aes aes 6,300 Baileyana tag wa . 10,000 Doratoxylon (young) ise + 82,000 EUCALYPTUS DIVERSICOLOR. These proportions will be subject to some variation, according to the age of the trees. These measurements were made under the author’s direction by Mr. L. Rummel. E. diversicolor seems as hardy as BE. globulus, though it may prove less so than H. amyg- dalina, E. Gunnii, E. pauciflora, E. viminalis and even H. obliqua, HE. Sieberiana and E. gonio- calyx, among the larger kinds of timber-trees of this genus. Dr. Aberg finds, that on the entrance of the La Plata-River E. diversicolor turns out one of the fastest in growth, and if the species was rightly determined EH. corymbosa carried there besides E. globulus the palm, E. obliqua and E. siderophloia coming next in this respect. On the rich alluvial soil there grew also compara- tively fast : E. Gunnii, E. Leucoxylon, E. hemastoma, H. largiflorens, E. longifolia, H. goniocalyx, E. cornuta, E. rostrata, H. tereticornis and EH. maculata, but the latter with E. marginata and E. calophylla suffered there from frost. Many grew in that region from two to even five inches daily during the most favorable time of the season! When gradually through the progress of settlement the harbors between King George’s Sound and Cape Leeuwin will be opened up for trade, Karri-timber will become extensively available for export also. Expianation or Anatytic Detarts.—l, unexpanded flowers of two forms; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther with portion of its filament; 5, pollen-grains ; 6, style and stigma; 7 and 8, lateral and vertical view of a fruit ; 9 and 10, longitudinal and transverse section of a fruit; 11 and 12, sterile and fertile seeds; 13, embryo; 14, cotyledons unfolded, to exhibit the radicle ; 1, 7 and 8, natural size ; 2, 3, 4, 6, 9-14, moderately magnified ; 5, enlarged 250 times diametrically. ieam Litho Gov Printing Office Melb o M darent 7 Vis ac ucakypims hewayp dlova. -v MV EUCALYPTUS HEMIPHLOIA. F.v. M., fragmenta phytographize Australie ii. 62; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 216 ; E. albens, Miquel, in Nederlandisk Kruidkundig Archief iv. 188; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 219. Finally tall ; leaves scattered, elongate- or oval-lanceolar, of firm consistence, of equal color on both sides, only slightly or sometimes moderately curved, not very shining, the lateral veins diverging at a very acute angle, the circumferential vein very evidently removed from the edge of the leaf; oil-dots usually obliterated or much concealed ; umbels in lateral or terminal short panicles or some solitary, on angular stalks, with from 4 to 10 flowers ; calyces somewhat angular ; stalklets comparatively thick, of the length of the tube or shorter ; lid broadish-conical, rather acute or even pointed, seldom semiovate, about as long as the tube or somewhat shorter ; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; anthers very minute, globular, opening laterally by pore-like apertures ; stigma slightly or not broader than the style ; fruits truncated-ovate or hemiellipsoid, 3—5-celled, the rim narrow-compressed, prominent, valves quite enclosed, short ; seeds without any appendage, the fertile much larger than the short sterile seeds. Dispersed from Port Jackson (Woolls) to New England (C. Stuart), Glendon (Leichhardt), Toowoomba (Hartmann) and the western districts of New South Wales (C. Moore), Gainsford and Herbert’s Creek (Bowman), the Dawson- and Burnett-Rivers (F. v. M.), Mackenzie-River (O’Shanesy), occurring further on the Tambo-River (Howitt) and Snowy-River, also from the Broughton- and Broken-Rivers to Mount Remarkable (F. v. M.), on the Flinders-Ranges up to 2,000 feet elevation (J. E. Brown). It grows on flats, often forming the “ box-forests,” but prin- cipally on rough and dry ridges or hills, yet indicating according to the Revd. Dr. Woolls, often good grazing country. In the more humid litoral tracts of east- and south-coast Australia this species attains a height of about 150 feet, with a stem of as much as 3 feet thickness (Thozet) ; in the drier regions of northern Victoria and further westward it is oftener a dwarf tree. The bark of the stem persists, is solid, outside greyish and somewhat wrinkled, but never dark nor deeply furrowed, the outer layers of the bark gradually peel off from most portions of the branches in flakes or long strips. The timber is pale, strong, hard, of close and interlocked grain and not fissile ; it furnishes material for lasting fence-posts and various building purposes and wheel- wrights’ work, also for such sundry utensils as need toughness of wood for their manufacture, as mauls and handles. Posts of this wood after sixteen years were found almost perfectly sound in the ground, but the best timber (as in all other cases of Eucalypts) comes from hilly country. Stems are apt to become hollow in age (J. H. Brown). Foliage comparatively dense ; upper portion of branchlets angular ; leaves stiff, conspicuously stalked, often pale-green, but in the eastern coast-districts also dark-green, their veins sometimes prominent, sometimes faint. The tube of the calyx often merging gradually into the stalklet ; lid in some instances double, the outer one seceding earlier. Filaments pale or rarely of a deep purplish color, exceptionally 3 inch long; some of the anthers occasionally dilated. Summits of the valves often long cohering and breaking off connectedly. Fruit variable in size, but never large. Dr. Leichhardt found the tree flowering in March, Dr. Woolls in June, particular seasons and localities exercising their effect in this respect. The natives of subtropical Eastern Australia call this tree “ Narulgun,” according to Mr. O’Shanesy. E. albens, which occurs near Mount Remarkable and in some other localities not far from the apex of Spencer’s Gulf, also in the vicinity of the Avoca, Loddon, Campaspe, Broken, Ovens and Snowy Rivers (F. v. M.), along the whole valley of the Tambo (Howitt), on the Upper EUCALYPTUS HEMIPHLOIA. Murrumbidgee in silurian shales and sandstone, also more or less on all geologic formations on the western slope of the Main Dividing Range of New South Wales down to the tertiary plains (Wil- kinson) verging northward to New England (C. Stuart), can be distinguished from the typical E. hemiphloia only in perhaps more extensively persistent bark, in paler dull foliage and chalky-white bloom on the panicles and in calyces somewhat larger and tapering more gradually into a thicker stalklet. The name of E. albens only arose from a misprint of E. pallens and was first promul- gated without any diagnosis, and this specific designation is apt to mislead, as the whitish hue, significant of E. albens, and for which it is called “ White Box-tree” occurs only in a particular variety chiefly of the western interior, where even this characteristic is often not more remarkable than in several other congeners. E. hemiphloia is nearest allied to E. populifolia, E. Behriana and E. odorata ; from the first it differs in the laminar secession of the bark from the branches, in longer, narrower and less shining leaves, in larger flowers on more elongated stalklets, longer more pointed lid, apertures of the anthers not so close to the summit, and larger and especially more elongated fruits with valves somewhat removed from the orifice.—From E. Behriana, which stands in close relationship to E. largiflorens, it is less easily distinguished in all cases, but it is often of taller stature, not so often remaining shrubby, the bark is lighter in color and not smooth by secession of outer rather dark-brownish layers; the leaves are longer and in proportion to their length usually narrower, also mostly of lighter color, the panicles ampler (those of E. Behriana being compara- tively narrow), the flowers and fruits are larger and provided almost as a rule with distinct stalklets, the tube of the calyx is somewhat angular, and the lid is never hemispherical ; E. hemiphloia recedes from E. odorata in the external paleness of the persistent portion of its bark, in the more extensive secession of the bark from the branches, in the broader leaves of thicker consistence with less spreading and less copious veins and less distinguishable oil-dots, in not usually solitary axillary umbels, often more acute lid and more deeply inserted valves of the fruit. The reliability of these distinctions should be further traced in South Australia, wherever the two species grow promiscuously. E. hemiphloia seems readily separable from E. Bowmanii by the less spreading veins of the leaves, more paniculate umbels on less flattened stalks, upwards more attenuated lid, stamens much more inflexed while in bud, the openings of the anthers less wide, and the flat top of the ovary, which has a semiglobular-conical summit in E. Bowmanii ; the fruit of the latter is not yet available for comparison. E. drepanophylla, which comes very near to EH. leptophleba and E. crebra, belongs to the series of Ironbark-trees (with therefore furrowed and dark-colored bark), has usually narrower leaves of less straightness and of lighter green, with very subtle much diverging and also more copious veins, a shorter lid, anther-cells slit in their whole length and proportionately shorter fruits. To EH. drepanophylla verges Bentham’s variety parviflora (flora Australiensis iii. 217) mentioned doubtfully under E. hemiphloia ; it is according to Fitzalan’s note on Ironbark-tree, the anthers however seem not to open with regular slits. The often angular fruit of E. hemiphloia reminds of that of E. goniocalyx, which species however does not pertain to the section Micran- there and is moreover recognized already by the flatness of its flowerstalks. Expianation oF Anatytic Dertaits.—l, calyx, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3, stamens in situ; 4, and 5, front- and back-view of an anther with portion of filament; 6, style and stigma ; 7, longitudinal section of fruit; 8, transverse section of fruit ; 9 and 10, fertile and sterile seeds ; 11, portion of leaf; all (but variously) magnified. cam with) 2 Se Fvid direx:: ov Prrting Office Mel> ELE Labillardne : ) Q Husalyptus lagras EUCALYPTUS INCRASSATA. Labillardiére, plantarum Nove Hollandiz specimen ii. 12, t. 150 (1806); De Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis ili. 217; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 231; E. dumosa, Cunningham in Walpers reper- torium botanices systematice ii. 925; F. v. M., fragmenta phytographice Australie 11.59; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 230; E. angulosa, Schauer, in Walpers repertorium ii. 925; EH. cuspidata, Turezaninow, in Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes de Moscou 1849, ii. 21; E. costata, Behr & Mueller, in the Transactions of the Victorian Institute i. 33 ; E. santalifolia, E. lamprocarpa et H. Muelleri, Miquel, in Nederlandisk Kruid- kundig Archief iv. 129, 130 and 133; E. fruticetorum, F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 57. Shrubby or hardly arborescent ; leaves scattered, ovate- or narrow-lanceolar, sometimes broad- ovate, of thick consistence, of equal and light color as well as shining on both sides ; the lateral veins somewhat close, spreading at a rather acute angle and together with the oil-dots much concealed, the circumferential vein visibly distant from the edge ; umbels solitary, axillary or subsequently lateral, their stalks thick, compressed, upwards much dilated or sometimes more cylindrical, bearing usually from 3 to 8 flowers; stalklets very short or almost or quite unde- veloped ; calyces shining, generally streaked with longitudinal prominent lines, the tube semiovate or somewhat bellshaped ; lid about as long as the tube or somewhat longer or conspicuously shorter, turgid towards the base, often rather suddenly protracted into a short or elongated and then slender apex ; stamens all fertile and inflexed before expansion ; anthers from roundish-oval to almost oblong, opening by ample longitudinal slits ; style rather thick ; stigma not dilated ; fruit semiovate or truncate-ovate, imperfectly or deeply furrowed and streaked, 3—4- rarely 5-celled, the rim oftener narrow than conspicuously broad, seldom flat ; valves quite enclosed or their fragile and pointed ends only exserted ; sterile seeds usually much narrower than the fertile seeds, all without appendage. From the Murray- and Darling-Rivers and their lower tributaries through the desert-tracts to the Great Bight, to Cape Leeuwin and to the vicinity of Shark-Bay, chiefly on sand-ridges, but also on tertiary limestone, extending in some places to the brink of the ocean. A shrub usually of tall growth, with several stems from the same root, exceptionally rising to a tree up to 30 feet, but fruiting already at a height of 4 feet. Bark smooth, outside of a whitish or reddish color, shedding its outer layers successively. Branchlets rather thick, angular and rigid, not pendent. Leaves hardly inequilateral, often terminated by a narrow and curved acumen. Leafstalks of conspicuous length, exceptionally very short. Umbel-stalks sometimes almost wedgeshaped, seldom bearing only two flowers, not rarely curved downward. Lid sometimes slightly wider than the tube of the calyx, occasionally broad-conical or even pyramidal-hemispher- ical, the end (when beak-like extended) sometimes longer than the turgid basal portion of the lid. Filaments in bud simply inflected, but not flexuous, nor sharply doubled back, comparatively rigid. Some of the anthers occasionally verging to a globular-cordate form; the connective conspicuously glandular-turgid at the back. Style exserted beyond the stamens while they are bent inward before expansion. Fruit-calyx attaining in some cases a length of nearly 1 inch, but that of the small-flowered variety often only } to 4 inch long, exceptionally quite hemispherical. Among the species, constituting the Mallee-scrub on an extensive scale, only E. oleosa belongs also to the Parallelantheree, from which E. incrassata can be distinguished by its often broad and flat flowerstalks, furrowed or streaked and mostly larger shining calyces, with a lid more depressed towards the base, generally more elongated anthers, as also shorter and therefore less exserted fruit-valves. EH. goniantha comes still nearer to EH. incrassata, but the leaves are somewhat more distincly sickleshaped, not so shining nor of such even smoothness, but slightly reticulated on their surfaces, the tube of the calyx is comparatively still more deeply furrowed, the attenuated EUCALYPTUS INCRASSATA. upper portion of the lid broader and more blunt, while the anthers seem invariably heartshaped- globular, so far as this plant, of which we have as yet no ripe fruit, is known. E. micranthera, which is closely connected with the arboreous and soft-barked E. decipiens, differs from the genuine E. incrassata particularly in its very short and almost heartshaped anthers, but in other respects comes near to the variety so long separated as BH. dumosa. E. grossa (from which E. pachypoda, F. v. M., fragmenta phytographiee Australie vii. 41 anno 1869, is only separable as a variety) can best be distinguished from H. incrassata by its not distinctly compressed though stout umbel-stalks, by the slightly angular but not furrowed tube of the calyx, by the semiellipsoid even lid, by the filaments inflexed near or towards the summit only, and by its not angular fruit with no narrow apex of the valves. The specific name, adopted by the French naturalist, seems to refer to the leathery thickness of the leaves, which however is observable in many other species. EH. dumosa represents the small-flowered state with generally narrower leaves, only faintly furrowed and ridged calyces, short-pointed lid and scarcely dilated umbel-stalks. Poiteau’s drawing of E. incrassata for Labillardiére’s work can only with difficulty be reconciled to the species here under consideration, as the lateral veins of the leaves are shown too spreading and too prominent and the calyces quite devoid of furrows and streaks, to which Labillardiére neither alludes in his description, although some specimens, which I gathered at King George’s Sound, but which are aberrant from the common form of E. incrassata, accord sufficiently with the figure authoritative for this species. To this smooth-fruited variety approaches very closely E. cosmophylla, from the Stringybarktree-forests of the mountains on St. Vincent Gulf, which species shows however more pointed generally broader and less shining leaves with more visible veins, the flowers less in number and on a shorter common stalk and rather an increase in the number of fruit-valves. E. Planchoniana approaches in some of its characteristics E. incrassata, but irrespective of its not belonging to the desert-country, it is a comparatively tall tree, the leaves are longer, not so shining, have more spreading, more distant and more prominent veins and their stomata only on the lower page, the tube of the calyx is less turgid, the lid more gradually attenuated upwards, the anthers are never elongated to an oblong form, the outer stamens are not bent downward while in bud, but are somewhat flexuous, the valves of the fruit are not narrowly attenuated at their apex, and the fertile seeds are more angular. E. incrassata is one of the prevailing species among those, which widely constitute the dense “ Mallee-scrub,” and plays thus an important part in the natural economy of the desert, aiding to mitigate the excessive heat and the effect of Sirocco-like blasts of widely arid regions by its enormous power of evaporation, in which respect Eucalypts generally far surpass most other kinds of trees, the power of their roots for drawing up and absorbing humidity from the soil being also very great. It is well known that H. incrassata, E. microtheca and E. oleosa will yield water to a parched traveller from their roots. Expianation of Anatytic Derarzts.—l, unexpanded flower, the lid lifted; 2, longitudinal section of unex- panded flower ; 3, some stamens in situ; 4 and 5, front- and back-view of an anther, with portion of its filament ; 6, style and stigma; 7, longitudinal section of a fruit; 8 and 9, transverse section of fruits ; 10 and 11, fertile and sterile seeds ; 12, portion of a leaf; all magniffed, but to various extent. ager accents Tome RP ba ye a & Pensa i oT uN Peer ere a aia eae me ae ke te \ 4 OW bi ss = 4 Opt a ‘ a Re Rusalyptus largiflorens u t “sam Litho. Gov Pr. LVM o EUCALYPTUS LARGIFLORENS. F. v. M., in the Transactions of the Victorian Institute i. 34 (1854); fragmenta phytographie Australie il. 58 ; E. pendula, A. Cunningham, in Steudel’s nomenclator botanicus p. 600 (1840) ; E. bicolor, A. Cunningham, in Mitchell’s Tropical Australia 390 (1848) ; F. v. M., in the Journal of the Linnean Society iii. 90; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii, 214. Branchlets slender ; leaves scattered, elongated- or very narrow-lanceolar, rather straight or slightly sickleshaped, of thin consistence, gradually narrowed into a comparatively short stalk, generally pale and dull-green on both sides; lateral veins extremely fine, diverging at a very acute angle or not very spreading nor quite close, the circumferential vein somewhat removed from the edge ; oil-glands numerous, often transparent ; wmbels in lateral or terminal short panicles, with 3-8 flowers in each ; calyces small, on stalklets of usually less length ; lid double, the inner one hemispherical or slightly pyramidal, hardly half as long as the almost obconical-semiovate scarcely angular tube, the outer lid when present much smaller and slightly elevated ; stamens all fertile, unless some of the outer imperfect, inflexed before expansion ; anthers globular, opening by lateral pores; style very short; stigma hardly dilated ; fruit very small, truncate-ovate or slightly bell- shaped, 3- or oftener 4-celled ; the rim rather narrow, the valves very short, convergent and quite enclosed, but not distant from the rim ; seeds minute, without appendages. From St. Vincent’s Gulf and the Murray-River and its lower tributaries through Eastern Australia and particularly its inland-tracts to Carpentaria, at least as far as the Flinders- and Gilbert-Rivers, but reaching also in some places the coast-tracts. A tree, attaining in desert-regions only a height of about 30 feet or remaining more or less shrubby, but in litoral regions rising to about 90 feet, passing as one of the “ Box-trees,” occupying either moist places or banks of watercourses or depressions in the Mallee-scrub. Bark persistent in the ordinary state of this species on the branches as well as on the stem, blackish-grey, rough and hard. Branches more or less drooping, sometimes as much so as those of the Weeping Willow. Leaves occasionally a span long, but usually rather short,—in trees from the east-coast, which seem as a variety to belong to this species, also vivid-green and somewhat shining. Stalks of the umbels neither elongated nor dilatated. Stalklets sometimes extremely short. Outer lid not always independently developed or very fugacious or consolidated with the inner one. Filaments in bud, irrespective of their sudden infraction, also flexuous, cream-colored as in most congeners or occasionally crimson; the anthers of the outer filaments sometimes diminutive or almost obliterated, or rarely a few of them enlarged and deformed. Valves exceptionally 5. This is not the only instance of tall eastern species extending far into the western interior and there becoming dwarfed in growth, E. paniculata and E. hemiphloia being other examples in this respect. The supposed tall variety from the Queensland coast-districts, with longer leaves of more saturated and rather shining green, sheds the outer layers of its bark completely, according to a note of Mr. Dallachy, but seems not specitically different. Similar instances are well known in regard to the coloration of the foliage of Tecoma australis, Carissa Brownii, Geijera salicifolia and Jasminum simplicifolium, which produce dark-green shining leaves in humid forest-regions, but assume gradually a pale and dull hue as these plants advance towards the arid interior. The lamellar secession of the bark in trees of this species in coast-forest and its persistence in dry open regions finds a repetition under similar circumstances in EH. amygdalina and several other congeners. The stalklets in this variety from the tropical coast are rather longer and the lid EUCALYPTUS LARGIFLORENS. more pyramidal. Mr. O’Shanesy records from the Dawson-River and Nagoa trees with bark black on the stem and grey and smooth on the limbs. Preference is here given, in accordance with De Candolle’s code, to the name under which this species was first defined, and chosen as expressive of the exuberance of its flowers. Of neither of the names, bestowed by Allan Cunningham on this species, timely description was given ; the pendulous branches suggesting the one name and perhaps the sometimes red but often pale color of the filaments giving rise to the other, unless it was derived from the coloration of the bark. Crimson filaments seem however not to occur frequently, though the writer has seen flowers of such mixed with others of pale-colored stamens in the same panicle. Flowers with red filaments are less rare in E. Leucoxylon, occur also in E. Behriana, according to Mr. T. Shepherd rarely in E. hemiphloia and seemingly likewise in E. siderophloia. They are perhaps always red in E. erythronema (Turczaninow, in Bulletin de l’Académie des Sciences de St. Petersbourg 1852 p. 415; E. conoidea, Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 227). The resemblance of H. Behriana to E. largiflorens is very great, but the former has more erect branchlets, also stiffer, broader and more shining leaves, the flowers almost unprovided with stalklets, besides often longer fruits. E. odorata again is distinguished by the generally broader leaves, simple axillary umbels, more elongated calyces tapering rather more gradually into the stalklets, by longer lids, larger anthers and longer fruits not contracted at the orifice. EK. microtheca shows more numerous and very spreading veins of the leaves, the circum- ferential vein almost contiguous to the edge, anthers opening by slits not pores, fruits remarkably distended at the orifice with protruding valves. HE. crebra may be distinguished easily by its dark rugged bark—belonging to the series of the Ironbarks—further by the fine close and very spreading veins of the leaves and by the anthers opening by fissures. Bentham’s var. parviflora of E. largiflorens belongs to E. populifolia. ExpLaNaTION oF Anatytic Dztains.—l, unexpanded flower with a double lid; 2, unexpanded flower, the lid lifted ; 3, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 4 and 5, stamens in situ, either all fertile or some sterile ; 6, 7 and 8, back-, side- and front-view of an anther with portion of its filament ; 9, style with stigma; 10 and 11, transverse and longitudinal section of fruit; 12 and 13, fertile and sterile seeds; 14, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but in various degrees. me Pn, ae ie ve SS Gov Prmnng 6M%c2 Mek the Steam Jw wlata . S7th FoveM great 2H eee 4 1¢@ ptus pam lhucalky EUCALYPTUS PANICULATA. Smith, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society iii. 287 (1797) ; De Candolle, prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis iii. 220; Kippist. in F. v. M. fragmenta phytographie Australie ii. 174; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 211 ; E. fasciculosa, F. v. M., in the Transactions of the Victorian Institute i. p. 34; Miquel, in Nederlandisk Kruitkundig Archief iv. 138. Finally tall ; /eaves scattered, of rather thin consistence, narrow- or elongate- or sometimes broad-lanceolar, slightly curved or somewhat sickleshaped, paler and dull-colored beneath, hardly shining above, their lateral veins very spreading, subtle and numerous, the marginal vein almost contiguous to the edge of the leaf; oil-pores irregular, mostly angular, soon concealed ; wmbels paniculated or a few axillary and solitary, on slender angular stalks, each with from 3 to 8 flowers ; tube of the calyx broad-ebconical, gradually becoming angular, attenuated into a stalklet of generally lesser length, longer and broader than the pyramidal- or hemispheric-conical almost membraneous lid or sometimes the latter almost as long as the tube; outer stamens sterile ; filaments all infracted before expansion ; anthers minute, quadrangular-roundish, opening with pores at the truncated summit ; stigma dilated, evidently broader than the summit of the style ; fruit truncate-ovate, attenuated at the base or verging into a truncate-pearshaped form, slightly contracted at the summit, 3-4- or rarely 5-celled, lined with 2 to 4 angular streaks, never large, their rim narrowly compressed ; valves almost deltoid, quite enclosed ; seeds all without appendage, the sterile seeds exceedingly short, angular and comparatively broadish ; testa of fertile seeds reticulated. In New South Wales from the coast to the Blue Mountains and New England (Leichhardt), extending there southward at least as far as Illawarra (Kirton) ; the variety fasciculosa on dry particularly sandy ridges and also on stony ranges near the Murray-River and St. Vincent’s Gulf (F. v. M.), at Lacepede-Bay (Babbage) and some intermediate places, also in Kangaroo-Island (Waterhouse). This species passes at or near the east-coast as the “Red Ironbark-tree,” according to the Revd. Dr. Woolls, on account of its persistent hard rough bark and reddish dark timber. In South-Australia it is a White Gum-tree, seldom rising there above 30 feet, even often of less height, with the outer layers of bark deciduous, leaving the stem grey and white-mottled and smooth (McEwin). It flowers in a shrubby state already. These two races of H. paniculata differ furthermore in their foliage and in some other respects. Thus the leaves of the typical E. paniculata of Eastern Australia have their upper page much darker than the lower one and the stomata are hypogenous only, varying as far as observed from 137,000 to 186,000 on the square inch, whereas the difference in the coloration of both sides of the leaves is not striking, indeed pale also above in r : p : 20,000 21,000 E. fasciculosa, the stomata being amphigenous, counting about from 730,000 to 132,000" Moreover > the flowers of the variety fasciculosa are smaller, the lid is proportionately shorter and still more thinly membraneous ; but the foliage and inflorescence of H. paniculata assumes in New England also exceptionally a glaucous hue. From E. melliodora the species here under consideration can be distinguished by mostly longer leaves with finer and more spreading veins and with the intramarginal vein nearer to the edge, further by more decidedly paniculate flowers, the somewhat angular calyx, which is more gradually attenuated into its stalklet, by the rather longer fruit-calyx with the rim inside long- descending but outside neither emerging nor annular. EUCALYPTUS PANICULATA. The differences of E. paniculata from EH. largiflorens consist in the contrasting paleness of the lower page of the leaves and in their more copious and more divergent but less prominent veins, in the close approach of the circumferential vein to the margin of the leaf, in the pointed lid, in the deprivation of many of the outer stamens of their anthers and in the narrower rim of the fruit-calyx. It is also generally a taller tree, rising to 150 feet. From E. gracilis it differs again in the inequality of the color of the upper and the lower side of the leaves, which are moreover of larger size, in the paniculated inflorescence, more angular anthers not opening at a distance from the summit, and dilated stigma. E. crebra and E. microcorys are also not dissimilar to E. paniculata, and mere fruiting sprigs of these three might easily be referred to the wrong species, but in a flowering state the mode of dehiscence of the anthers distinguish them easily from each ather, irrespective of several other characteristics. From the principal Ironbark-tree of New South Wales, namely E. siderophloia, we can best distinguish E. paniculata by the less deeply furrowed bark, by the frequent difference in the coloration of the leaf-pages, by the shorter calyx-lids, the sterility of the outer stamens, the infraction of all filaments while in bud, the terminal openings of the anthers, the dilated stigma and perfectly enclosed fruit-valves. The twigs of E. paniculata are very lax and slender in either variety. The wood is very durable and extensively used by coachbuilders and wheelwrights ; it is often darker than other kinds of Ironbark-timber, but not so tough as that of E. siderophloia. The calyces are generally of pale color. The filaments are almost white, finely capillary, and while in bud slightly flexuous, irrespective of being doubled back. The period of flowering seems a long one, at least that of the variety occurring in South Australia, where blooming panicles have been gathered from December till May ; they are not much scented. The terminal pores of the anthers this species has in common with E. Leucoxylon, E. melliodora and E. polyanthema. The stigma is dilated, sometimes as much as that of H. Leucoxylon. The angularity of the calyx is hardly noticeable in the fresh flowers, but becomes obvious in dried specimens. By an oversight an error of the draftsman has been passed, who delineated the anthers as opening with longitudinal slits instead of terminal pores. The Rev. Dr. Woolls found this Eucalypt flowering more regularly than many other congeners, and noted also, that it produced Kino in considerable quantity and that the bark is not so rugged as that of EH. Leucoxylon var. Sideroxylon, but that the wood is easier worked than that of the latter. Expianation oF Anatytic Deraits.—l, upper portion of an unexpanded flower, the lid lifted ; 2, longi- tudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 3 and 4, front- and back-view of an anther with portion of its filament; 5, style and stigma; 6, some stamens in situ; 7 and 8, longitudinal sections of two fruits; 9, transverse section of a fruit; 10 and 11, sterile and fertile seeds; all magnified, but to various extent. ene, ng Office Melb. Stear. Lithia Gov Prints FvuM dient 1 us ptycaocarpa, £V// t Yio & WU Ge EUCALYPTUS PTYCHOCARPA. F. v. M., in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society iii. 90 (1858); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii, 255. Finally rather tall ; leaves large, scattered, from broad-oval verging into an elongate- lanceolar form, straight or somewhat sickleshaped, paler and dull-colored beneath ; lateral veins subtle, numerous, almost transversely spreading, the circumferential vein nearly contiguous to the margin of the leaf; oil-dots concealed or obliterated ; umbels terminal, paniculated, wi it large flowers ; stalks almost cylindrical ; stalklets angular ; calyces ridged by about 8 longitudinal prominent lines, the tube almost bellshaped or topshaped, twice or thrice as long as the nearly hemispheric lid; stamens all fertile, f/aments scarlet, inflexed before expansion ; anthers oval, bursting with longitudinal slits ; style rather thick ; fruits large, truncate-ellipsoid and slightly urnshaped or bellshaped, 4-celled, longitudinally lined by about 8 ridges, the vertical margin not very broad, but suddenly and amply descending to the orifice ; valves deeply enclosed ; the fertile seeds produced into a rather large terminal appendage, the sterile seeds much narrower. Along rocky rivulets and also on the margins of exsiccating watercourses towards the sources of the Wentworth-, Wickham- and Limen Bight-Rivers (F. v. M.); on Melville-Island (Fraser) ; near Port Essington (Gilbert) ; at the mouth of the Liverpool-River (B. Gulliver). A middle-sized or rather large tree, with a greyish wrinkled everywhere persistent somewhat Sibrous bark, thus fluctuating between the Stringybark- and the so-called Box-trees, though in cortical characters perhaps nearest to E. hemiphloia and E. albens ; but the accurate histologic examination of these and numerous other species in reference to their bark remains hitherto incomplete, though such would reveal in all probability important characteristics not only for specific discrimination, but also perhaps for industrial applications. Leaves conspicuously stalked, not rarely a span long, occasionally exceeding even a foot in length; their margin narrowly recurved as in all species with only hypogenous stomata. Flowerstalks from 4 to 2 inches long, the stalklets still more variable in length, as well as the calyces often covered with a whitish in age evanescent bloom. Anthers dorsifixed. Fruits lignous, 1 to 2 inches long. Valves horizontal, deltoid. Fertile seeds about 2 lines long, with an almost oval appendage extending additionally to 3 lines ; the appendage of the sterile seeds very narrow. The description could only be prepared from scanty material. Mr. B. Gulliver, who saw the tree during Captain Cadell’s discovery-voyage to the coasts of Arnhem’s Land, states the flowers (filaments) to be scarlet. If really they participate in the bright color of EK. miniata and E. phoe- nicea, we should have an additional highly ornamental species to select for our arboreta even here far south, as the intratropical Eucalypts proved in my experience quite hardy, wherever the thermometer does not sink below zero longer than a few hours at atime. It is mainly for this reason, that attention is drawn to this species now, although it may perhaps also prove a quick growing timber-tree of value for moist tropical climes, in places where many of the extratropical Eucalypts do not prosper. Its affinity is with E. Abergiana and E. miniata; from the former it can be distinguished by its longer leaves with a still paler lower page, by its also still larger flowers, which are provided with usually long stalklets (although Bentham describes the latter as occasionally also very short), and most particularly by the fruit longitudinally traversed by about eight narrow ridges. From E. miniata it is far more distinct in its not scaly-friable bark, which does not separate from the main branches, in the leaves being not of a pale and dull-green on both sides, besides EUCALYPTUS PTYCHOCARPA. of thicker consistence, much larger and proportionately also broader, without any translucent oil- dots, in the absence of stomata on the upper page of the leaves ; further in the umbels not solitary nor lateral nor axillary, in larger flowers and conspicuous development of flower-stalklets, in fruits often smaller (although similarly shaped and ridged) and in the seeds provided with a long appendage (those of E. miniata being quite exappendiculate). The alliance of E. ptychocarpa to E. Watsoniana is so much more remote, as to render a detailed exposition of their specific differences unnecessary. The leaves of E. ptychocarpa show on transverse section their chlorophyllous parenchyma-cells mostly in seven rows. The same numbers of series occur in E. calophylla, E. corynocalyx, H. diversicolor and E. viminalis, but in E. globulus these cells are stratified in eleven layers. Extended observations may however prove the numbers of the series, as above given, subject to some variation, but they may within certain limits be of diagnostic value. In the leaves of young seedlings of HE. viminalis the number of cell-strata was found the same as in the leaves of aged trees, but the cells are smaller. ExpLanation oF ANaLytTic Deratns.—l, unexpanded flower, the lid lifted ; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 3, some stamens in situ; 4, 5 and 6, back-, front- and side-view of an anther with portion of its filament; 7, style and stigma; 8 and 9, transverse and longitudinal section of a fruit; 10 and 11, fertile and sterile seeds ; 12, portion of a leaf; 1-7 and 10-12, variously magnified ; 8 and 9, natural size. Expianation oF LirHocra oF Evcatyptus Leaves, THE SECTIONS VERTICAL.—1, Eucalyptus ptychocarpa : @, cuticle; 6, epidermal cells; ¢, parenchyma-cells in 5-7 rows, 7 prevailing, with chlorophyll; d, grit-cells (scle- renchyma); e, breathing pores (stomata) on the lower side only.—2, Zucalyptus calophylla: a, cuticle; 6, epider- mal cells; v, parenchyma-cells in 6-7 rows, 7 prevailing, with chlorophyll; 4, grit-cells; e, breathing pores on the lower side only; f, oil-gland; g, oleo-resin.—3, Eucalyptus globulus : a, cuticle, 6, epidermal cells ; c, parenchyma- cells with chlorophyll in about 11 rows; e, breathing pores (occurring on both sides, but the upper portion of the section omitted on account of the thickness of the leaf); fand g, oil-gland, containing oleo-resin.—4, Eucalyptus viminalis : a, cuticle; 6, epidermal cells; ce, parenchyma-cells, in 5-7 rows, 7 prevailing, with chlorophyll; d, grit- cells; v, breathing pores on both sides.—Augmentation in all these instances 214 times, diametrically measured. 8 A ie is , ee _ Rererapenente ets Ree Jade, i Gov P Team Lith a wm iM. darext, E Rucalyptus leaves. /7asrerse seCuONs. LRummel del 6 Troedel & GOLith Printiied ( qe ce Me eam Litho Gow Printing OFfi ° Py M. drext SGn ca Lith we rede. atde. CT. -6 ax tradypivlola. Fy M Hucahyptus EUCALYPTUS TRACHYPHLOIA. ‘ F. v. M., in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society iii. 90 (1858); Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 221; F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie xi. 43. Finally tall ; /eaves scattered, narrow- or elongate-lanceolar, slightly or sickleshaped-curved, rather paler and not shining beneath, their lateral veins very subtle and numerous, feathery spreading, the circumferential vein almost contiguous to the slightly recurved edge of the leaf, the oil-dots copious and translucent, sometimes much concealed ; umbels paniculated, on slender stalks, with 8 or less very small flowers, the latter provided with thin stalklets of nearly the same or less length ; calyces ovate-pearshaped before expansion, tardily ruptured along the transverse somewhat irregular sutural line; the lid depressed-hemispherical, not so broad as the tube and several times shorter; stamens all fertile; anthers ovate, somewhat truncated, bursting with parallel fissures ; style very short; stigma but slightly dilated ; fruits rather small, urnshaped- ovate, slender-stalked, smooth, 3- rarely 2-celled ; their rim very narrow; valves deltashaped, deeply enclosed ; seeds without any appendage, the sterile much smaller than the fertile seeds. In poor hilly country, hitherto traced from Moreton-Bay (Bailey) to the Burnett-River (F. v. M.) and the MacKenzie-River (Bowman, O’Shanesy), chiefly in the sandstone-formation. A tree, passing in colonial language as one of the Bloodwood-trees, attaining a height of 80 feet with a stem-diameter of 2 feet, but in exposed situations on the tops of hills dwarfed in growth and fruiting already in a shrubby state. Timber pale, flexuous in fibre. Bark persistent on the branches as well as on the stem, outside greyish-brown, irregularly fissurated and frustular, inside far more woody than fibrous, but not ponderous, pale-brownish. Leaves somewhat shining and darker above ; stomata hypogenous only. Panicles terminal. Lid separating from the tube of the calyx not so much by a clear circumcision as by a fracture, thus often adhering on one point to the tube while the stamens are fully expanded, occasionally of only half the width of the tube, rarely somewhat pyramidal. Filaments white. Anthers dorsifixed. Fruit-calyces some- times less contracted and then truncate-ovate. Seeds not very numerous, the fertile seeds in proportion to the capsular part of the fruit rather large, about 1 line long, ovate, plan-convex, fixed at the centre. In this as in some other instances the definition of the species was elaborated from a very limited number of specimens; to give descriptions their fullest scope they should rest on examinations of trees instituted in the forests of many localities, for which purpose, as a rule, the opportunities arise only in the course of lengthened periods. Thus we are also unacquainted yet with the form of the seedling of this species. The specific name of this tree was suggested by the roughness of the bark, conspicuous not less on the branches than on the stem. The timber seems not of leading value, but the tree is eligible, as mentioned by Mr. Bailey, for its shade in dry hot localities. More important in reference to its Kino, this species is pressed on our attention. The analysis of one sample gave us here as much as 73 per cent. of Kino-tannic acid (soluble in water and alcohol and precipitable by acetate of lead out of an acidified solution) ; 184 per cent. Kino-red or allied substance (insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol) ; 83 per cent. gum and-pigment (soluble in water and partly in alcohol, but not precipitable by acetate of lead). The systematic position of the species is in the series of the Bloodwood-trees, to which E. corymbosa, EH. terminalis, E. Abergiana and their allies belong, notwithstanding the smallness of its flowers, although in this and some other respects E. trachyphloia approaches E. crebra and EUCALYPTUS TRACHYPHLOIA. some cognate Ironbark-trees, all of which however have the stomata isogenous and show a clear line of dehiscence, by which the lid is separated, while the difference of the anthers separate them even sectionally according to Bentham’s system. Besides in E. crebra the lid is not depressed, the fruit is not or less contracted at the summit, and the valves are almost terminal. Its real systematic place should be next to HE. dichromophloia, from which it can be distinguished in rougher bark, in thinner less elongated leaves of a darker green above and dull paleness beneath (therefore not of equal color on both sides) with recurved edge, in the want of stomata on the upper page of the leaves, in the calyces of less polished smoothness, in smaller fruits with perhaps never or only rarely four valves, and in the absence of any appendage to the fertile seeds. Expianation or Anatytic Deraits.—1, unexpanded flower, the lid partly detached ; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower; 3, some stamens in situ; 4, 5 and 6, front-, side- and back-view of an anther with portion of its filament; 7, style with stigma ; 8, longitudinal section of a fruit; 9, transverse section of two fruits ; 10 and 11, fertile and sterile seeds ; 12, portion of a leaf; all magnified, but to various extent. EUCALYPTOGRAPHIA. ~_—_—_—S Sree SS A DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS KUCALYPTS OF AUSTRALIA ADJOINING ISLANDS; BARON FERD. VON MUELLER, K.C.MLG., M. & PHD, ERS, GOVERNMENT BOTANIST FOR THE COLONY OF VICTORIA. “ NON SUCCIDES ARBORES, NEC SECURIBUS DEBES VASTARE EARUM REGIONEM.”—Liber Deuteronomit xx, 19, SIXTH DECADE. MELBOURNE: ‘ERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. ISHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITTLE COLLINS STREET, LONDON: TRUBNER AND CO., 67 AND 69 LUDGATE HILL; AND GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE. M DCCC LEXX. avi LHe fr 5 ) 3team Litho Gov. Prinng %£: direxit FwvM. ith. 32 La C.Treede dol. Tedb OWpPESbiue . i muUGAhyotus EUCALYPTUS BUPRESTIUM. F. v. M., fragmenta phytographie Australie iii, 57 (1862) ; Bentham, flora Australiensis iii. 205. Shrubby or somewhat arborescent ; leaves small, scattered, on rather short stalks, narrow- or sickleshaped-lanceolar, of equal color and slightly or hardly shining on both sides ; their lateral veins rather thin, moderately spreading, not of very close approach, the circumferential vein slightly removed from the edge; oil-dots much concealed or obliterated; umbels axillary or lateral and solitary or a few crowded on short lateral branchlets, their stalks slender, bearing 4-10 or rarely only 8 flowers; calyces small, almost pearshaped, not angular, longer than their thin stalklets; tube of the calyx nearly twice as long as the hemispheric lid; stamens all fertile, inflexed before expansion ; anthers cordate-hidneyshaped, the outer ones opening by divergent short slits, the inner ones by more roundish large pores; stigma not broader than the style ; Sruits large, nearly globular, pale-greyish, on very short or hardly any stalklets, 3- to 4- rarely 5-celled, not angular, the orifice of from twice to four times less width than the breadth of the middle portion of the fruit ; rim prominently edged ; valves quite enclosed, deltoid ; fertile seeds very angular, not much differing in size from the rather large and broad sterile seeds, but edged by a rather conspicuous membrane. In Western Australia on sandy plains and ridges near Kojoneerup, also near the Palinup- and Salt-Rivers (Maxwell); on shrubby undulations north of Stirling’s Range and thence extending, though not continuously, to the sand-scrubs near the Arrowsmith-River (F. v. M.). A shrub, noticed to attain generally only a height of about 10 feet, but occasionally advancing to the size of a small tree, as seen by me towards the sources of the Greenough- and Irwin-Rivers. Branchlets mostly somewhat angular. Leaves seldom over 3 inches long, often shorter, some of them occasionally only 1 inch in length, somewhat rigid. Umbel-stalks slightly angular, } to ? inch long ; lower portion of the filaments not flexuous in bud. Anthers centrally dorsifixed, oscillating, the outer ones slightly larger and comparatively rather broader, very pale everywhere except their minute terminal brownish gland. Style shorter than the stamens. Fruit sometimes attaining fully to 1 inch dimension, but producing ripe seeds also at half that size. Orifice variable in width, but always of much less diameter than that of the middle portion of the fruit ; the rim in some instances abruptly descending, rendering the edge very narrow, in other cases the rim remaining more horizontal, thus forming a broadish margin around the orifice. Seeds in generally two rows closely packed in each cell, shining, very few fertile, and these from a convex summit angularly attenuated to the basal hilum. A remarkable feature in this species is the size of the fruit, very large in proportion to that of the flowers, the disproportion in this instance being greater than in any other congener hitherto known. In Bentham’s system this species takes its place among the comparatively small series of those of the Renanthere ; this alone renders its recognition quite easy, as that series comprises only one other West-Australian species, namely H. marginata, and seemingly also only one other constantly shrubby or scarcely arborescent species, viz. H. stricta. Eucalyptus-vegetation generally is favorable to the production of honey, and to this rule E. buprestium offers no exception; indeed the sweet nectar-fluid of the flowers of this Eucalypt seems particularly rich, so much so, that some of the beautiful Buprestis-beetles are particularly attracted by it; hence the specific name. Perhaps the only utilitarian value, which this species EUCALYPTUS BUPRESTIUM. could claim, would be its adaptability to grow on mere sand, which it would help to solidify, to cover with shelter and shade where needed, and to convert finally into pasture-land. Mr. Otto Tepper confirms indirectly my supposition, that it is the nectar-fluid of the flowers, which attracts some buprestideous beetle to this species ; inasmuch as he observed, that about the month of February in Yorke’s Peninsula large numbers of gigantic and beautiful Stigmodera- beetles of four species take possession of Eucalyptus uncinata, which at the time is in full bloom. In the afternoon and evening they were found almost exclusively among the flowers and engaged in imbibing the nectar, which with perhaps delicate portions of the flowers seems to form the nourishment of these buprestide. Mr. Tepper never saw them feed on the leaves of Eucalypts, as is the case with some other beetles. The females of these Stigmoderas deposit their eggs under the loose dry bark of the branches ; the larvee feed at first under the bark, then through the sap- wood into the centre of the stem, always downward, until they reach the bottom of the tree, where they form tortuous oval galleries. These particular Stigmoderas, according to information gained by Mr. Tepper from the settlers, do not occur every year; but one distinct species frequents E. oleosa, but never numerously, although annually. Expianation oF Anatytic Drtaits.—l, an unexpanded flower, its lid lifted ; 2, longitudinal section of an unexpanded flower ; 3, front-view of two stamens; 4, back-view<